Dissertation Methodology †Impact of Technology on Recruitment

Dissertation examples – Dissertation Methodology – FREE our site ESSAYS The following article is a sample dissertation methodology on the following dissertation topic: Impact of Technology on Recruitment in UK Retail Banks.A case study of Lloyds Banking Group:The methodology depicts a mixed method research, using quantitative surveys and semi structured interviews. Based on Saunder’s Research Onion.a. Research Philosophy – Dissertation ExamplesThe social world of banks and graduates upon which this study is based exists externally and are not related to the researcher; therefore they would be measured through objective methods rather than being inferred subjectively through reflection, sensation or intuition (Easterby-Smith, 2002). This study would therefore adopt a positivist approach as credible data could only be derived through quantitative analysis of phenomena observed (Saunders et al, 2007). The social interpretivism philosophy, which aims to study and reflect on the inner feelings of participants, is not being utilized in this study, due to the study’s research objective, which is to ascertain the effectiveness of online recruitment in an organization. Details regarding effectiveness are measured using objective means (such as increase in candidate application and reduction in costs), thereby warranting a positivis t approach.b. Research approachDue to the positivist nature of the research, this study would adopt a deductive approach (Saunders et al, 2007). This approach represents the most common view of the relationship between theory and research and results gotten from this approach are developed through logical reasoning (Bryman and Bell, 2007). The data findings would be compared against existing literature to ascertain if they concur with what has already been published in the field of online recruitment.c. AccessThe ability to gather primary data during this study was dependent on gaining access to an appropriate source within the organization. The level to which this source is appropriate relies on the research question, related objectives and research designs (Saunders et al, 2007). Therefore, the researcher, as a friend of an employee within the organization, was in a favorable position to get access within the organization. I contacted a friend of mine who currently works within graduate recruitment at Lloyds TSB, and discussed the prospects of my dissertation. She spoke to several of her colleagues on my behalf and they agreed for me to conduct telephone interviews with 4 members of the graduate recruitment team, some of which had been there for an average of 5 – 10 years (reasons expatiated further in this chapter). Due to the non-intrusive nature of my research, there were no objections or limitations raised by the participants with regards to the questions asked or the purpose of the study.d. Research StrategyThis study would adopt a case study strategy in answering the research question. Robson (2002) asserts that the case study strategy would be useful if the aim of the study is to gain a rich understanding of the research perspective and the process being endorsed. Therefore as this study aims to understand the recruitment process within Lloyds TSB and also any benefits associated with onl ine recruitment, a case study would be most effective. Two separate yet parallel approaches would be utilized in this study, and are outlined in the table 1 below. Table 1: Research Strategy STRATEGYAIMSAMPLETYPE OF QUESTIONSMETHOD OF ANALYSIS 1. Quantitative questionnaireQuantify graduates’ perception of what constitutes an effective recruitment platform10 graduates who have applied to one or more organizations through their online system.Closed rating scale questions, and nominal data.Descriptive analysis (bar chart, pie chart and line charts). 2. Qualitative semi-structured interviewsThis was done in order to ascertain the benefits associated with online recruitment.4 members of the recruitment staff within Lloyds TSB, who have been in the organization for more than 5 yearsStructured questionnaires. Open questionsContent analysisi. Quantitative QuestionnaireQuantitative methods are mainly used in the data collection process of research. It involves data that is either in the form of, or expressed as numbers (Easterby-Smith et al, 2008). The quantitative questionnaires were handed out to 10 graduates and undergraduates. The questionnaire was mainly designed wi th rating scale questions, where respondents were asked to state their opinion or preference for a particular question on a scale of 1 – 5. Secondary nominal data was also included in order to ascertain the respondent’s status, application activity and preference. The quantitative questionnaire distributed to respondents is outlined in appendix. Quantitative questionnaires are useful as the results derived are quantifiable and measurable against other variables in an objective manner (Saunders et al, 2007). ii. Qualitative Semi Structured InterviewsFollowing the access grant to four members of the recruitment team within the organization, 15 – 20 minute qualitative telephone interviews were carried out. A semi-structured interview is a qualitative interview that is defined by a pre-set question guide. It aims to provide in-depth findings through informal discussions with participants (Collis and Hussey, 2003). This interview method was chosen over unstructured or structured interviews, because this study intends to answer the research questions by asking specific questions, but not so much (unstructured) that it generates useless data, and not so less (structured) so as not to miss out on any unanticipated information. The interview questions in the semi-structured interview are in appendix. The themes utilized in this study were derived mainly from the literature review and were crucial in developing the questions that were raised during the study. The semi-structured approach also provided the researcher with the ability to probe answers. Answer probing was particularly useful in responses whereby more explanation was needed in order to fully understand the answers. Due to the recent adaptation of online recruitment, the semi structured interviews was targeted at members of the team who had witnessed or orchestrated the shift towards online recruitment, that way these respondents would be better able to answer questions that relate to the comparison of both methods. Also, members of the online recruitment team being interviewed had different positions within recruitment and handled separate tasks. The questionnaires were given to them beforehand, when the approval was first sought, and each respondent chose the questions that they were more qualified to respond to. Therefore the research was such that all respondents answered some questions, while some others were answered by a particular individual because of their knowledge of that process. Table 2 outlines the respondent details and their interview theme. Table 2: Interview Respondents and Questions asked RespondentFictionalNameRoleYears in LloydsSubjects Covered R1AliceGraduate Events Manager2Effectiveness, Disadvantages R2MarthaApplication Review7Background, Adoption, Effectiveness, Disadvantages R3NickFinance and Budgeting9Adoption, Effectiveness, Efficiency R4ChloeMedia Advertisement3Effectiveness, Advertisement Each respondent were asked for their consent to interview, prior to the interview sessions, and also requested not to have their names mentioned so as to prevent any form of organizational backlash if the contents of the study were interpreted in any other non-academic form, and distributed. They have therefore been given fictional names, so as to make the research more readable.e. Data Collectioni. Sampling MethodBased on the research objectives and the issues to be investigated, it would have been most appropriate if all recruitment staffs within the organization were interviewed. However, due to the time constraints and resource limitations inherent in this study, a non-probability sample of the population was selected. Saunders et al (2007) asserts that a non-probability sample is most often used when adopting a case study strategy. A non-probability sample, as described by (Oppenheim, 2000), is a sample in which the probability of each case being selected from the total populat ion is not known. The samples of graduates that were chosen to partake in the quantitative study are too small to constitute a probability sample of graduates within London or UK. Also, the number of employees within Lloyds who took part in the qualitative study was not high enough to constitute a significant portion of the recruitment department within Lloyds TSB. Therefore the study focused more on the quantitative facts of the perception of recruitment within the organization, as opposed to theories expressed in the literature review, and what graduates on the outside thought of online recruitment. ii. Primary Data CollectionIn collecting data that could be analysed using quantitative means, Easterby-Smith et al (2008) claims that researchers could collect either primary or secondary data. He further claims that though each of these means have their merits and demerits, the collection of one’s own data gives control over the structure of the sample and the data obtained from each respondent . It also gives greater confidence that the data collected would match the research objectives. The researcher therefore chose to collect primary data from 20 graduates using questionnaires distributed-in-person to each respondent. This was done amongst friends and colleagues within the university who have utilized online recruitment systems. Data from the semi-structured interviews would be collected using a tape recorder, and the conversations with all four employees would be transcribed word for word, and expression for expression. The advantages inherent in this approach is that it allows the researcher to document and see patterns in words and emotions that would not be available if other forms of interviews were conducted.f. Analysis of Research Findingsi. Quantitative DataThe quantitative data collected during the course of this study, whilst still in its raw form, is described by Saunders et al (2007) as being useless and conveying little information to most people. Univariates, which are total sample distributions of one variable at a time (Oppenheim, 2005) was utili sed in analysing the frequency and percentage occurrence of each variable; including both ordinal and nominal, category and rating scale questions. However an indepth correlation or bivariate analysis was not conducted due to the low number of graduate respondents, and also due to the fact that the study was mainly concerned with the viewpoint of the organization, and not necessarily that of the graduates. Results would be analysed using Excel and graphs would be drawn out to analyse all data with the aim of comparing them to the qualitative study. ii. Qualitative DataYin (2002) suggests that in studies whereby the research question has been formulated based on the literature review; these theories that have been used in the postulation of the research question could also be used in analyzing the findings. Thereby suggesting that a deductive approach to data analysis would be essential for theoretical driven studies. Based on these arguments, this study analyzed the qualitative findings using deductive methods. The findings from each respondent and questionnaire theme were analyzed according to the literature review topics discussed. In the instance whereby different respondents had something to say about a particular issue, all their opinions were recorded and taking into consideration in the analysis of findings. A fact sheet of all findings according to the theory is illustrated in chapter 4. Full transcripts of the interview are in the appendix. The pattern matching procedure, as postulated by Saunders et al, (2007), would be utilized in this deductive analysis. It involves predicting a pattern of outcomes based on theoretical propositions. These propositions are thereby analyzed in the data analysis process. This procedure involves the development of an analytical framework, utilizing existing theory, and then testing the adequacies of the framework as a means of explaining the findings (Saunders et al, 2007). In the instance where a pattern is found as initially predicted, it would be evidence that suggests that there is indeed an explanation for findings.g. EthicsBlumberg, et al (2005) describes ethics as referring to the appropriateness of one’s behaviour in relation to the rights of those who become the subject of a research project. A number of ethical issues have been identified and raised with respect to this study. The issues, and steps taken to alleviate such issues are discussed below: The company may be secretive about some aspects of its online recruitment, such as the quantity of graduates and marketing techniques to attract graduates, which it may not like its competitors to know about. Employees responding to semi structured interviews may not be so willing to discuss their personal opinion of the bank’s recruitment system, or the quality of graduates received through their channels, in case their response does not really conform to the brand and reputation that the organization is trying to build (for instance, the bank may pose as an equal opportunity organization that employs from diverse backgrounds, whereas they mostly only recruit students from top Oxbridge universities with a certain background). Information such as this could pose difficulties if the bank eventually decides to broaden its pool of candidates and employ people from varying backgrounds. Apart from these ethical considerations, no other ethical dilemmas have been found with relation to this essay. Therefore, in order to alleviate these issues, the questionnaire and interviews would be designed in such a way that it does not offend, harm, provoke or stress any of the participants in any way. Questions asked would be non-instrusive as no personal information about names; age or post would be requested. Information about specific applicant quality and demographics of applicants’ recruitment would not be sought. Also, in terms of graduate questionnaires that have been distributed, some candidates may think that answering these questions and including personal details may impede or even benefit them when applying to said organizations. Therefore the questionnaires would fully state that it is an academic research and in no way constitutes a study conducted by the organization.h. LimitationsThe major limitation of this research would be gaining access to graduates who have gone through online recruitment systems and applied specifically to Lloyds TSB. Graduates that have applied to the bank are diverse both in culture and geography. Therefore this study would be limited in not being able to survey a probability sample of graduates who have either used online recruitment or specifically applied to Lloyds TSB in the past. The willingness and capacity of staff to answer questions with relation to graduate recruitment is also impeded. Some staff may not be willing to discuss sensitive issues such as their views, some may be unwilling to discuss online recruitment in any capacity to an external researcher such as myself, while some may not have the relevant experience required to answer most of the questions raised in this study. Therefore the list of participants has been limited to 4, which in no way represents a probability sample of the recruitment workforce within the organization. There is also a secondary limitation with regards to the experience of those staff that participate in the interviews. The ideal participants would typically have been working in recruitment for over 10 years, and would have witnessed and participated in the transition from traditional to online recruitment within the organization. However, only two of the participants answering this questionnaire are ‘ideal candidates’, the other 2 have been working within recruitment over the past 2 – 3 years and were in no capacity to discuss the transition between traditional and online recruitment. However, their views were still helpful and contributed significantly to the findings of this study. This study did not incorporate recent events such as the merger between Lloyds TSB and HBOS. It also did not include the recent government bailout and financial crisis affecting most UK financial institutions. This information could have impacted on the quality of graduate applications that the organization received within the past 3 years, and could pose a shortfall in the information gathered. However, including this information would have extended the limits of the study, beyond the word count and capacity currently accepted.

Chrétien De Troyes †Perceval Essay

Chretien De Troyes’ Arthurian Romances are one of the best and most brilliant works of medieval literature. Originally, in Old French, modern translations are widely available. In fact, even today, years later, they continue to be an invaluable asset to both literature and human history. Chretien De Troyes works include four complete poems – Erec et Enide, Cliges, Yvain and Lancelot, and the fifth, last, unfinished one called Perceval, le Conte du Graal (Perceval, the story of the Grail). Erec is the tale of one of Arthur’s knights, who after several trials finally understands his loved for his betrothed, Enide [3]. Several other Arthurian knights including Kay, Lancelot and Gawain too are mentioned in the text. â€Å"The court of Arthur is filled with magnificent things and people, led by the fabulous Arthur himself. The knights pursue games of chance and test of strength; when they’re not doing that, they’re wooing women [3]. † The next romance, Cliges too uses Arthur’s magnificent court as its backdrop [3]. † Both Cliges and Yvain have love triangles and adventure. Lancelot, though is almost all about a hero rescuing his lover, the beautiful Guinevere [3]. And lastly, Chretien’s unfinished piece: Perceval, and the Holy Grail. Before studying the text of the work, it is important to understand the time it was written in. Little is known about Troyes life, but most believe he lived somewhere in the 1100’s. It is also known that he was in close association with his patroness Countess Marie de Champagne. This time has a great influence on the subjects and stories of his work, and other works of Arthurian Literature. The eleventh and twelfth centuries were a time of ‘renaisance’ in Europe. Europe had been gripped in the Dark Ages for years, but this is when barbarism was slowly rooted out, to be replaced by missionaries and churches. Social activites too took a new turn. Several universities and centres were set up. In fact, towns were planned, with proper structure and organization. Culture also took a newe dimension altogether. This is when Arthurian literautre was born. With the concept of castles and romances, chivalry and battle, courtly love, stories were dramatized and preserved; written in the form of poems or essays. This is exactly why Arthurian literature deals with princes, knights, castles, adventure and battle. Similarly, Troyes work too reflects much of the world of the renaissance. Perceval is believed to be the first account of the Holy Grail; but Troyes died before completing the masterpiece. In quest for a complete poem, many attempted to write an ending to it. Of these, four versions are widely known, and accepted. The first continuation is called the Pseudo-Wauchier Continuation, the second is attributed to Wauchier de Danain, the third by Gerbert, and the fourth is Manessier’s continuation, the only one with a true ending. But despite the efforts to write continuations, the original incomplete version in itself has its own charm, aura, and mysteriousness. Perceval is the Grail knight or one of the Grail knights in numerous medieval and modern stories of the Grail quest [2]. † Perceval is a bright and spirited young man brought up in the woods, by his mother. His mother raises him in the forest of Wales, away from civilization to protect him from the horrors of war and battle. One day, Perceval sees some knights in the woods. It is here that his interest in chilvalry and knighthood is aroused. His mother objects vehemently, fearing to lose him like her other sons, but Perceval insists, and heads out for King Arthur’s court. The Holy Grail was the most sought after treasure. In fact, all of Arthur’s knights were in quest of it. At Arthur’s court, the king’s senschal (steward) Sir Kay mocks him. A jester at the castle prophecizes that Perceval will be a great knight. Perceval rides away, and comes across another castle, where he decides to stay. Here he is trained under Gornemant. Gournemant teaches Perceval all the tactics and strategies of combat, and later, advises him not to be impolite or ask too many questions anywhere. Now Perceval leaves, looking for his mother. On his journey, he comes across yet another castle, where he meets and falls in love with the beautiful Blancheflor. Blancheflor is Gornemant’s niece, and her followers are weakened by hunger and famine. She tells Perceval of the intentions of Anguingueron, the seneschal of the evil knight Clamadeu of the Isles. He intends to attack them. Perceval, touched, commits himself to Blacheflor, and promises to help her. Perceval defeats Anguingueron and his men the next day. Clamadeu waits, hoping that eventually starvation would kill Blanchflor and her men, but luckily, a ship full of food arrives. Eventually, Clamadeu is forced to battle against Perceval; he begs for mercy after Perceval defeats him. Perceval sends both Anguingueron and Clamadeu to Arthur’s court. At the court, Arthur and his wife learn of Perceval’s heroism and courage in battle. But Perceval has to continue on his journey. He has to find his mother. At a river, he comes across the Fisher King, who offers him lodging for a night. In the castle, Perceval sees the fisherman lying there already. Perceval witnesses a strange procession, in which odd and peculiar things are being carried from one chamber to another. A squire enters carrying a sword with engraved blade, another squire enters carrying a white lance on whose tip blood oozed and flowed down onto the squire’s hand. Perceval refrains from asking about this lance, recalling Gornemant’s admonishment. More squires bring in candelabras. A maiden brings in a grail held in both hands [for Chretien, it is a serving dish], and the room becomes brightly illuminated [presumably because of the contents of the grail]. Another brings in a silver carving platter. The grail is made of gold and set with precious stones-it and the platter are carried to another chamber. Perceval fails to ask who is being served by the grail. They dine at an ivory table. The grail returns borne in the opposite direction. Later that night, the Fisher King excuses himself and has to be carried off to his bedroom, and Perceval again fails to ask what ails him. The next morning, Perceval discovers that the hall is deserted and everyone has left [1]. † Outside the castle, he comes across a maiden. She tells him that had he asked about the grail, or the platter, it would have brought the king great relief, and may even have cured him. She also informs him that his mother is dead. Later that day, Perceval is warned against the ‘haughty knight of the Heath. ’ But he challenges him, and defeats him. The haughty knight and his maiden set out for Arthur’s court. On their way, they come across King Arthur and his men, who are ironically looking for Perceval. But the king does not recognize Perceval by face. He releases the ‘haughty knight’ from imprisonment, and hands him over to his nephew Gawain. Later, Perceval too is wandering around Arthur’s camp. Arthur’s men find him asleep on a horse, but Perceval soon defeats them, including the arrogant Kay. The king asks Gawain to deal with the fiery Perceval, and not through combat. They soon become friends. But now Perceval is consumed by curiosity. He wants to know who was served by the grail and the silver platter, and why the lance bled. Here Chretien relates the tale of Gawain. Later, he continues with Perceval’s story. He has been wandering for years. He goes to see a hermit, and tells him of his wandering, and the grail. The hermit reminds him of how his mother died of sorrow, and that he was being made to repent her death. The hermit believes that the man served by the grail is Perceval’s uncle. Perceval agrees to repent for his sins. Gawain’s tale again picks up from hereon. Gawain’s story is in contrast to that of Perceval. Gawain is more professional, and less naive in battle. He also finds his long lost mother and grandmother, and his sister, about whom he had never known. The narrative breaks off shortly. Even though the story ends abruptly, one does arrive to the conclusion that Perceval is indeed, a good knight. Literally speaking, he has all the valous and heroism of a great warrior and an honorable knight. He is brilliant in battle, being able to defeat the best of warriors, fighting everyone and anyone who challenges him. But apart from the literal sense, Perceval continues to be one of the most famous and mysterious knights in medieval literature. The most important fact behind this is that many can, till today, relate to him. Throughout the text, we see him as confident and brave, but never evil. In a deeper, emtional sense, Perceval is not just a good knight. He is a good man. Many critics believe that Perceval, apart from being an Arthurian romance is also one of the earliest works on spirituality, and what we call ‘existentialism. ’ This is clearly evident from the ending of the original text. Perceval commits himself to spending a life similar to that of the hermit, in search of spirtual enlightenment and communion with God. Chretien’s writings and works are very popular. In fact, that can be estimated by looking at the number of languages his works have been translated into. In fact, it is not just the translations. Chretien’s works also provided inspiration and ideas to many fine works of literature. Chretien’s story was also the inspiration for one of the greatest romances of the Middle Ages, Wolfram von Eschenbach’s Parzival (c. 1200-1210) [4]. † Chretien has also been called the creator of the modern novel, and is believed to have reinvented the lost genre of narrative romance. Many of his works seem theatrical, as if they are meant to be performed on stage, rather than being read on paper. Perceval, like other works of Arthurian romances has the strong element of romance, drama and tragedy. Arthurian romances though were heavily dependent on one common theme – of battle. No Arthurian romance was complete without battle or warfare. The spirit and art of war, honor, courage, manhood, combat and duels were all cardinal to the stories. The male protagonists were brave men of honor. Another important aspect was the romance. All these themes of blended together created one of the most cherished style of literature called ‘medieval literature. ’ Even though Arthurian romance and literature was famous with the works of Geoffrey of Monmouth and the Lais of Marie de France, but it was the work of Chretein De Troyes that brought the genre back into full swing. Medieval literature did suffer a setback, and was in the background for a considerable time, but was revived again especially after Lord Tennyson’s poem Idyll’s of the King. These adventurous stories have formed the basis of innumerable books and movies. The reason again, remains that even centuries later, they continue to arouse our interest. We can still relate to the heroic characters, their strengths, their weaknesses and the general human condition, which has remain unchanged through centuries.

Consequences of depression according to Beck’s cognitive theory Essay

According to Beck (1976), depression is characterized by cognitive distortions and is characterized by six features. The first one, arbitrary interference refers to the process of deriving a conclusion from a phenomenon without necessarily having evidence to support the conclusion or when the evidence available does not jell with the conclusion. Secondly, a collapse in the cognitive triad may lead to selective abstraction, which involves focusing on details that do not match with a given context while ignoring the salient features of the phenomenon at hand. For instance, students with a negative cognitive triad will have a tendency to perceive examination questions in their own way which is not in line with the intended answer. Thirdly, the affected people also develop a habit of overgeneralization of facts. This is as situation whereby there is a tendency to create general rules to specific or even isolated instances. For example, a student of mathematics would always view particular calculations as difficult irrespective of how simplified they may be. The fourth point is that depressed people also have tendencies to commit magnification and minimization errors while doing their tasks. This is because they usually have preformed mindsets hence any attempt to inject new knowledge is fruitless. Finally, Beck (1976) noted that depressed individuals might embrace too much personalization and become absolutistic or dichotomous in thinking. This is because of fear that the world does not like them, and that their future is always bleak- the consequences of a purely negative cognitive triad. Personalization for instance makes parents believe that they culpable when their children misbehave. Empirical evidence for Beck’s cognitive theory There is a strong indication that the cognitive triad hypothesis indeed highlights the plight of depressed people. For instance, it could be true that depressed people report more negative thinking about themselves, their world and their future (Beck, 1976). In regard to thinking about the self, distressed people usually resort to less positive self-referent beliefs and become highly critical of themselves and their actions. They are also likely to report a number of imagined activities and how they managed to escape from the tedious tasks (they will never attempt difficult tasks since they always have a sense of lack of confidence in themselves). The theory model therefore builds a foundation for solving psychological problems and since it has every indication that such problems have the sources within the affected individuals, it is these individuals themselves who can best afford a solution to their problems. In essence, the model indicates that people have to change the attitudes towards themselves, the world and the future (and do so in a manner that anticipates good outcomes). Only by doing so can human beings expect a positive cognitive triad, hence positive thinking about life. Beck’s theory and accessibility Beck’s cognitive theory model proposes features that can be procedurally defined and empirically tested, the use of cognition as one of the main parameters to evaluate the behavior and response of people to various phenomena adds impetus to the model’s worth. In spite of the fact that the model does not describe all cognitive processes, it still highlights the varying levels of thoughts and has an assumption that all thoughts associated with psychological abnormalities are spontaneous and just close to consciousness. Another assumption of Beck’s cognitive theory is that individuals can be trained to in order to be able to access the products of their faulty information processing. How this is possible is however amenable to discussion since individuals have different levels of grasping skills and exist in different environments. In short, it may not be possible to train all individuals to be able to trace back their faults and therefore identify their shortcomings. How personality types are created Beck’s theory has evolved over time and one of the most significant modifications it has gone through is its ability to explain differences in personality. According to the theory, people have individual differences that determine the types of events that may cause depression episodes in them. For example, a â€Å"sociotropic† personality is a type where the person concerned bases his or her self-belief in how others regard him or her or talk of his or her actions. For such a person, a perceived snub from a trusted person (like a close friend) is enough cause of a high level of depression. Another kind of personality, according to Beck, is the â€Å"autonomous† type. Such people feel challenged and depressed when their expectations of being in control over situations are challenged, for instance in losing a match where there were high chances of winning.

Informational interview report Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Informational interview report - Research Paper Example This situation would require employees to have outstanding communication ability and flexibility during work. For this reason, I am convinced that a restaurant’s general manager has much to offer. One can learn much about customer service in terms of dealing with different situations. Second, unlike hotels which have multiple departments such as housekeeping, food and beverage, front desk etc., restaurants only focus on serving customers best food experience. Restaurants do not have to think about how to keep customers loyal to their rooms, but only need to make sure the money customers spend on a meal match the value and experience. Therefore, this specialized field can provide one with a closer view of customer service. Third, since I had experience of interning at food and beverage department at a hotel, I want to learn more about this area. During my internship, I earned basic experience of serving, communicating, dealing with customers, and I also saw how my manager and s upervisor manage the whole team. So I think by interviewing a general manager of a more successful restaurant in America, I could add to my knowledge on how to manage a team directly from the manager. Lastly, my family has been involved in customer service business for about 15 years; therefore, customer service runs in the family informing my interest in the business coupled with a desire to learn more of management within this field. As Mr. Zaslavsky mentioned during the interview, he not only manages the teams, but has also to check with customers and staff on a daily basis. I think communication and managing are both my strengths, so a general manager’s position in my preferred profession would provide me with a good learning chance. Industry Introduction Restaurant industry The restaurant industry is part of the wider hospitality industry though it has the largest flow of customers as they basically walk in and out during meal times. The basic undertaking of a restaurant is to prepare and serve food and drinks to individuals who come in for these services. In most cases, meal taking is an in-house affair though there are cases where the same can be taken out or some establishments can offer food delivery services. The industry is quite fragmented with perhaps the only commonality being menus and the general set ups. However, even these can be differentiated to build a unique identity which helps in retaining and attracting customers. There is also a question of services and food; though there are definite meals offered in different restaurants some restaurants also result to foreign or exotic meals to widen their reach. Such offerings and the growth of restaurant based live television shows has upped competition and the industry is perhaps most competitive at present than it has ever been. DC restaurant industry The DC restaurant industry is one of the most mature of the restaurant industry across the United States. Being a metropolitan district th e diversity of people and the need to develop a niche has informed creativity and organization levels not witnessed in many regions within the industry. The fact that DC has a blanket organization, Restaurant Association Metropolitan Washington, which looks after the affairs of the restaurant operators and owners, also suggests the maturity of the industry in this part of the country.

Two Jumbos Collide in Canary Islands Crash of the Century Research Paper

Two Jumbos Collide in Canary Islands Crash of the Century - Research Paper Example Countless deaths and many high profile airplane accidents took place (Marcellin, 2014). The ensuing investigation of United 173 and the fatal Tenerife crash on the taxi driveway gave in to a new era in aviation. A common factor was highlighted as the cause for all these accidents - Human factor. The human factor introduced Crew Resource Management (CRM) to minimize airline accidents (Federal Aviation Administration). Investigators identified human error as the accelerators of these 70s aviation accidents. Inaccurate communication between the controllers and stringent aviation rules (clock time) as the case of KLM and Dutch air were the most ingredients of Tenerife Clash. Studies by NASA-supported the findings of the investigators listing Leadership, Team Coordination, and Decision Making as the crew errors (Marcellin, 2014). The aviation community adjusted their operations by creating an international standard to study and implement notions that eventually become the core of aviation safety. The human factor was incorporated into flight training with the focus of reducing human errors and optimizing human performance. CRM and Human factor integration has many components including Software (Rules, SOP), Hardware (Aircraft components, design), Environment (Weather, social influences), and Liveware (human element). The liveware is the centre core in modern air operation integrating directly all other factors. It is also the most error-prone and that was the sole evidence to optimize interaction between central human operator (Pilot Flying), the plane, and everyone in the aviation system during the performance of tasks (Marcellin, 2014). The interactions performance and influence behaviour positively and negatively. They include Leadership, Crew cooperation, coordination and communication, Teamwork and Interpersonal relation, Personality and attitude interactions. The interactions were recommended by FAA, and ICAO, which

Behavioural finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Behavioural finance - Essay Example Incurring of additional risk helps attain high rates of return. There has been a proposal relating to the utility maxim and the general solution for the portfolio selection problem (Von Neumann and Morgenstern, 2007). The process of making an investment choice includes; choosing a unique optimum combination of risky assets and separate choice regarding to the allocation of funds. To obtain a maximum resulting satisfaction, there is combination and application of certain wants and commodities. The weakness of this model is it’s cumbersome to separate the purely technical from the ones in the conceptual nature. According to Mr. Jack Treynor, the total utility function can be given by U = f (E, a) illustrating the meters of distribution and the expected value and the standard deviation, where E indicates the future wealth and a shows the standard deviation under prediction (Markowitz, Miller & Sharpe, 1991). There is the preference of a high expected future wealth to a value which is low; this is known as ceteris paribus illustrated as (dU/dEw > 0). This leads to an upward slope as seen in the earlier graph of risk against the expected rate of return. For a simpler analysis, there is an assumption that an investor decides to commit an amount (W) of their wealth to investment. By letting R be the rate of return and W as the terminal wealth, then; R= (Wt- Wi)/Wi. The mean-variance under certain conditions leads to unsatisfactory predictions of behaviour. A model based on semi-variance is preferable basing on standard deviation and variance (Markowitz, Miller & Sharpe, 1991). There is an assumption that the curves can diminish marginal rates of substitution between E and ÃŽ ±, from the earlier equations. There is a derivation of indifference curves from the assumption that the investor wishes to maximise the expected utility and thus,

American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

American Revolution - Essay Example Ramsay feels that the power of constitutional amendment is a great political innovation because through it people are able to make changes in the laws enshrined in the Constitution. The power of constitutional amendment in America will also help in ending all sorts of oppression.2) Why does Winthrop believe that a bill of rights is in the Constitution? Winthrop argues that the bill of rights is important in constitution making. He believes that the bill of rights helps in proper and efficient legislation since civil rights and freedom are respected during legislation. The bill of rights ensures the protection of minority in a republic. The protection also ensures equity in power sharing and inclusion of minorities in decision-making.3) How do Ramsay and Winthrop differ concerning how the principle of representation operates in the United States?Ramsay and Winthrop tend to differ regarding the operation of the American principle of presentation. Ramsay argues that the people determine the activities of the arms of the legislative body (Ramsay 176). The people elect the representatives who have good interests, while Winthrop argues that it is not possible for different states to come together and allow administration by one legislative system. He says this may lead to an oppressive rule (Tyranny) since large states will want to dominate the administrative system. Many states have suffered negative impact such as the Spanish provinces that collapsed due to improper administration.

NURSING (POPULATION AND SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION)-2 Assignment

NURSING (POPULATION AND SAMPLE DISTRIBUTION)-2 - Assignment Example This is also supported by the research results that the Health Functioning variable being determined is a considerable cause for the differences between women and men in carrying out comparative analysis for social support, quality of life and perceived coping. The t-ratio is significant because it indicates the difference between males and females. This is because the alpha value for the study was set at 0.05. Mental health was the largest variance between males and females with a value of -3.15. The data shows that t-ratio = -2.54 have a smaller p value that -2.50. This is an indication of a better health future for men, and women post MI physical roles and components, are highly interconnected and statistically noteworthy. Type 1 error results when the null hypothesis is rejected. There is a risk of Type 1 error in this study because multiple t-tests were performed on the study data. Multiple t-tests increase the risk for Type 1 errors. Bonferroni procedure is necessary for this study because it reduces the risk for Type 1 error. A number of multiple t-tests were conducted on the study data that increased the risk for Type 1 data. Therefore, Bonifferoni procedure is required to reduce risk of Type 1 error. df is the degree of freedom. A number of df values were reported, in the study, because they describe the freedom of different score’s values, in relation to other exiting scores’ values and sum of the scores. The differences between males and females post MI is significant. If this is consistent with the previous research, then I can assume that there will be a better health future for men, and women post MI physical roles and components will be highly interconnected and statistically

The Foreign Policy In The USSR During And After The Cold War Essay

The Foreign Policy In The USSR During And After The Cold War - Essay Example As the animosity between the Communist Soviet Union and the Capitalist United States spread to various countries all over the world, the eventual result was that both Asia and Europe were divided with almost all countries on the two continents being granted the option of willingly pledging their alliance with either of the two powers or being forced into accepting an alliance. Hitler’s suicide and the subsequent end of the World War II was seen to be a crucial catalyst in the ushering in of a new era marked by widespread decolonization as well as the liberation of most of the countries that had previously been enslaved (McCannon, 2010). These newly liberalized countries were seen to be battling with numerous challenges including widespread territorial divisions as well as the problem of having bankrupt economies, this situation inadvertently leads to the countries experiencing a large-scale exodus of refugees. The Capitalistic and Communist Nations were quick to utilize this o pportunity and started to attempt to influence these newly liberated countries by offering them financial aid (Bulliet, 2009).  This move by the two opposing powers was seen to further fuel their ongoing rivalry. The Cold War was seen to be mainly characterized by numerous numbers of both international and domestic military coalitions, espionage developments, wide spread armament race, rampant political propaganda as well as particularly destructive technological developments.   Gradually, this Cold War saw the development of nuclear arms as well as a space race between the warring countries of the USSR and United States. It happened to be quite ironic that the newly liberated countries were being forced to essentially become part of a world that happened to now be polarized into two factions that forced these countries to essentially align themselves and support either one of the two superpower blocs. However, not all countries opted to join the two super power blocks with coun tries such as India and Yugoslavia opting to rally and form a

707 discussion 2 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

707 discussion 2 - Assignment Example In addition, tethered PHR also offers patients’ access to medical information and can therefore promote self-care for better quality of health (Health IT, 2013). PHR influence health information exchange though provision of data bank on a patient’s information, from a patient’s records. It therefore promotes communication between a patient and healthcare personnel, with the patient as the source of information. An electronic health record, however, is a maintained database by healthcare facility that uses electronic systems and offers access of the information to authorized care personnel or care facilities. The system therefore facilitates exchange of among healthcare facilities, departments, or healthcare personnel. Consequently, PHR has the advantage of facilitated communication for diagnosis and timely care delivery (Health IT, 2013) while electronic health records has the advantages of minimizing chances of medical mistakes and ensuring appropriate care through updating care personnel (Medicare, n.d.). The main disadvantage of PHR is its limited scope of information transfer and possible unreliability of information source , a patient who may lack medical expertise, while the main disadvantage of electronic health records is possible breach of confidentiality and privacy due to information access by multiple personnel and at multiple access points. Health IT. (2013). Are there different types of personal health records (PHRs)? Health IT. Retrieved from:

Died for Beauty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Died for Beauty - Essay Example Thus, a careful reader can easily find traces, in her poems, of the physical isolation, loneliness, and eccentricities which she experienced in her personal life and these poems contain hints to her unfulfilled dreams. By and large, Dickinson’s poems are subjective in nature, short and unconventional in quality, and they were mainly for private circulation rather than large-scale publishing. The unique quality of her poems such as short lines, lack of titles, unconventional capitalization and punctuation, use of slant rhyme, etc have attracted readers of the subsequent generation, although Dickinson was almost unknown as poet during her lifetime. Dickinson’s poems mainly deal with her mysterious life which is presented to the readers through her mysterious verse. Through the various themes in her poems, Dickinson presented the startling aspects ordinary human life which includes the mysterious actuality of death. It is also greatly remarkable that she dealt with two rec urring themes, i.e. death and immortality, in her poems (as well as her personal letters) and the poems discussed in this essay focus on such themes as death and immortality, love, beauty, sickness and inspiration. ... However, a careful reader can find a connotation to the poet’s failure in achieving the real meaning of beauty which is hinted by the words ‘died’ and ‘scarce’ in the opening line. It is important to recognize that the major concern of the poet in this poem is to bring out the link between beauty and truth which she achieves through the effective use of diction – for example, words like ‘adjoining room’, ‘kinsmen’, ‘brethren’, etc reveal this link. To analyze the use of versification in the poem, it is clear that the poet uses rhyming words such as â€Å"tomb – room†, â€Å"replied – said†, â€Å"rooms – names†, etc to illustrate the musical qualities of her poems. Similarly, one can find the use of figures of speech such as metaphor, personification, metonymy, etc. The use of metaphor in â€Å"We brethren are† compares the two unlike things – i.e. be auty and truth, whereas these concepts are personified in the poem when they are given human qualities. The poet is effective in the use of metonymy when she refers to ‘our lips’ and ‘our names’. In short, â€Å"I Died for Beauty, But Was Scarce† is a typical poem by Emily Dickinson in which a reader can find elements of her poetry such as common themes, lyric qualities, unconventional capitalization and punctuation, striking use of figures of speech, and connotative language. Another poem dealing with the theme of death is â€Å"Because I could not stop for Death† in which Dickinson personifies death as a gentleman caller or suitor, and the poem incorporates all the major characteristics of Dickinson-poetry. In this poem, the poet celebrates the theme of death and establishes how dearly she

The Link Between Greek And Western Civilization Essay Example for Free

The Link Between Greek And Western Civilization Essay The Greek civilization is recognized to have been one of the foremost contributors to Western Civilization. The culture, politics, science, and educational systems of the ancient Greeks are said to have impacted the development of early Western Civilization and are thus the foundations upon which our present society is based. Many different historians, experts, and writers have tried to provide a comprehensive understanding of ancient Greek and its impact on modern society. Bruce Thornton is one of these experts and he shows in his book that the Greeks did, in fact, contribute a great deal to our civilization. When we talk about the Greek civilization, the conversation invariably goes into a discussion of their achievements. Greek philosophers were known for their use of reason and logic. The speech forms of rhetoric and dialogue were developed and perfected by the Greeks in large agoras or public spaces where they were wont to hold numerous public discussions about intellectual matters. The political system of democracy developed in ancient Greece and is considered by many to be their most important contribution to modern society. The literature of the time continues to regale modern audiences. The Greek epics The Odyssey and The Iliad are still capable of inspiring modern works. The writings of Plato are still the favored topics of discussion by scholars. The impact of Greek science on Western civilization is equally great. In the field of medicine, for example, one will not be considered a doctor without first taking the Hippocratic Oath. Greek art has influenced present society by being the forerunners of aesthetics. Even architectural works like the Parthenon have had a great impact on the way Western Civilization continues today. By simply looking at the works of the ancient Greeks and comparing present-day Western society, it is clear that the Greeks were able to contribute to all aspects of Western life today. But Bruce Thornton asserts that there is a deeper and more primal contribution by the Greeks. The entirety of what other writers and scholars have talked about as the contributions of Greek civilization to Western Civilization can be summed up as a contribution of critical consciousness. What the Greeks truly gave Western civilization was the ability to analyze, to think critically about the self and everything outside of the self. It is perhaps the case that all the greatest accomplishments of the Greeks were born out of this practiced ability to be critical. Democracy, rhetoric, even logic all come from a critical consciousness. The Greeks, above everything else they did, gave Western civilization a model and the ways by which one could develop a critical consciousness. This contribution is larger than the more concrete, more talked about works of the Greeks. Because the Greek civilization shared the legacy of critical consciousness with the Western civilization, the latter has been able to think on its own. Because of critical consciousness, we have been able to give birth to equal rights, free speech, public education. The Greeks did not espouse the same ideas regarding the three concepts but because we have critical minds of our own, because we have immersed ourselves in the legacy of the Greeks, we are able to decide on our own what would be best for our society. We are not reliant on the processes, philosophies, and hierarchies practiced by a previous civilization. Because the Greeks gave us critical consciousness, we are able to take what they had and make it into something much better, much more appropriate for our civilization, for the times we live in now.

Anthropology Concept of the Home

Anthropology Concept of the Home Annotated Bibliography: Home Introduction In this paper, I will be reviewing 4 readings which are closely related to homes and dwelling. I will also analyse and assess the strengths and weakness on each reading based on the explanations and theories presented on each reading, based on the ideal home, the perception of home and the concept of home within the anthropological perspective. A home or a domicile is a dwelling-place used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for an individual, family, household or several families. It is often a house, apartment, or other building, or alternatively a mobile home, houseboat, yurt, shack, etc. Homes typically provide areas and facilities for sleeping, preparing food, eating and hygiene. Homes also provide a private space which allows the residents to separate from the outside world. Homes can also be used in a variety different ways in comparison to public space or quasi-public spaces in which certain rules and regulations are mandatory. When secure and legal dwellings are not available due to financial or geographical reasons, residents can be forced to live in informal and/or illegal shacks found in slums and shanty towns in a geographical region. Slums and shanty towns are still present in developing nations in the modern era. Generally, home may be considered to be a geographic area, such as a town, village, suburb, city, or country. Bachelard, G. 1958. The Poetics of Space: The Classic Look at how we Experience Intimate Places. (1994 edition, translated by M. Jolas) Boston: Beacon Press Gaston Bachelards book, The Poetics of Space provides an intriguing insights into the meaning of spaces which incorporate poetry, primarily focusing on intimate private spaces such as a house. Within, the home, examples such as a drawer, a night dresser are mentioned and analysed from an anthropological and philosophical perspective. Also, outdoor spaces such as vistas, gardens, trees and woods are also examined in a similar manner, both indoor and outdoor spaces are examined in a poetic manner in comparison to a structured manner which is different than most standard academic readings, therefore the book is appealing to wider audiences. In the first chapter of the book, Bachelard focuses on the interior domestic space within the home and its components, such as rooms and objects within a room, primarily focusing on furniture, dà ©cor and windows, doors etc. Bachelard also continues to pursue the investigation of the acceptance of the subjective consciousness and the poetic image. Bachelard also states that an acceptance within the domestic space which also demands with great openness from residents or guests, and a focus on the present experience different time frames. Bachelard states that a home is the essential, almost living object, meaning that the home according its residents, they experience an epitomical memories with the home setting. Bachelard claims the home is categorised as a personal universe, claiming that all really inhabited space bears the essence of the notion of home (The Poetics of Space, 1958, p.5). Bachelard, continues to examine the home as the expression and explanation of the soul through literary images and poetic images. This is found in most forms of poetry. Bachelard examines different locations in the home as certain places of memory and also intimacy which are also expressed in poetry. This also provides a detailed anthropological, philosophical and psychological perspectives of the home to the reader. Bachelard focuses on the poetic images of the home for it being the property of the innocence and relative consciousness, something which precedes conscious thought from the people who are present, the home does not require extensive knowledge and is the product of the heart and soul according to the resident. Bachelard also describes the direct relation of poetry to reality and vice versa which intensifies the reality of certain perceived objects (imagination augments the values of reality, The Poetics of Space, p.3). Bachelard claims, poetry is directed at one and the same time both outwards and inwards, therefore establishing a future discussion of outside and inside (in relation to home and other public spaces) which is familiar to anyone who is familiar with the theories of public and private space. Bachelard claims that the home has both complexity and unity, it is made out of experiences and memories, Bachelard also introduces his concept of topo-analysis, which he defines as a psychological studying of the sites of our intimate lives which is done systematically. The house, the most intricate and intimate of all public and private spaces, in which it protects the daydreamer and thus understanding the house is a way to understand the soul and also the spiritual attributes of a human being. Heidegger, M. 1951. Building, Dwelling, Thinking. In: (trans. A. Hofstadter) Poetry, Language, Thought [New York: Harper, 1971], pp. 145-61 Martin Heideggers Building Dwelling Thinking begins with a strong argument that a dwelling structure (primarily focusing on fixed buildings) is essentially and ideally designed for a person or family as their own private space for many dwelling related purposes. However, Heidegger also states certain definitions and considerations that undermine the clarity and simplicity of this statement. Heidegger argues that not all buildings are designed for dwelling, which is obvious when considering factories, hospitals, schools, office buildings etc. The fundamental framework for Building Dwelling Thinking is to investigate into the relationships and processes between the concepts of building and dwelling, and to question the meaning behind dwelling, how building relates to dwelling and does building in itself allows for dwelling. Heidegger claims that the modern world has brought about a negative perception and analysis between building and dwelling. Heideggers perception was formed during the post war housing crisis in the 1950s in Europe, as the original article was published during the housing shortage which was common in the early 1950s. Heidegger also examines the origins for most key words (e.g. build) and analyses the words based on meaning from an anthropological and philosophical perspective, which helps to build strong arguments and gather further insights from the mid-20th century from a historical perspective. Heidegger claims that the key words have lost their original meanings in regards to existing or being in a certain place, primarily focusing on dwellings. Heidegger then proceeds to argue in regards to the manner in which we reside in residential buildings. Heidegger also provides a very overt philosophical perceptive about the manner in regards to our identity on Earth within a dwelling. However, for residents who may not own a property or living in a semi-permanent or temporary accommodation, the true emotions of belonging at home is disputed as some individuals may feel that home is a part of their identity, but other residents may disagree with this perspective. In terms of describing the relationships between dwelling, Heidegger claims that modern times (then post-war era) has brought a large, complex confusion in the understanding and processes of relationship between building and dwelling from a sociological perspective which is also stated in the readings very overtly. Heidegger also states, as buildings are not conceived to be related to the state of a dwellers existence in the world. Buildings in particular, are not problematic as the ability for a building to provide housing or shelter is in this article is considered as being adequate. Heidegger also clarifies the properties and functions of buildings and their relationship with dwellers, with considering social and cultural aspects of a dwellers lifestyle. Buildings and dwellings are also a part of a local community which can lead to a certain community to experience a mutual sense of the present, past and a future. Dwellings according to Heidegger are a fixed, permanent place and in order to be situated in a certain relationship with a dwellers existence, a relationship is characterized by enabling and nurturing the world through dwellings and their omnipotence. According to Heidegger, the basic character of dwelling is to spare, to preserveà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ dwelling itself is always a staying with things. Dwelling, as preserving, keeps the fourfold in that with which mortals stay: in things (Heidegger, 1951 pp.150-151). This also questions the meaning of home to dwellers who live a non-permanent fixtures such as shacks, tents and yurts. Kaufman, E. 2002. Living Virtually in a Cluttered House. Angelaki, vol.7, no. 3, pp. 159 169 Living Virtually in a Cluttered House by Eleanor Kaufman, provides a modern insight to readers in regards to the internet revolution within the home and beyond, Kaufman also assesses and analyses the human interaction within the home through virtual visions and experiences from a psychological and philosophical perspective alongside an explanation for the evolution of home through a historical perspective. Kaufmann starts the article with segments from Gaston Bachelards book, The Poetics of Space (1958), which provides a good solid arguments for advanced thought within the home. Kaufman assesses and analyses the evolution of the home throughout various historical periods. Kaufman also claims a detailed analysis of the space of the Baroque house, which is defined by the fact that it has only two levels and, moreover, a folded space that separates them. The universe as a stairwell marks the Neo-platonic tradition. (Kaufman, 2002 pp. 159). Kaufman, also traces the history of levels within the home which began during the Baroque-era, as the eras contribution is a home with only two floors, which is standard in most houses in the modern era, separated by a wall or barrier that echoes, similar to terraced houses and apartments. Kaufman also claims that the two different levels are used differently and are also divided based on activity, privacy and safety, At issue here are, on the one hand, the demarcation of two distinct floors or levels and, on the other, the liminal or boundary space the fold or point of inflection where the two levels come together. (Kaufman, 2002, pp. 159) The two levels of the Baroque house would appear to be diametric opposites: the lower level is large, open, public and spacious, while the upper level is small, windowless, private, and closed. Furthermore, the lower level corresponds with the body while the upper level corresponds with the soul. (Kaufman, 2002, pp159) Kaufman claims that the levels within the home cannot be separate from each other, as the first floor cannot exist without the second floor, or there is one floor. Then again, and this may be preoccupied in what follows, the question remains on whether or not one floor question remains on whether or not a I flooring is actually single or whether or not it conjointly presupposes a virtual second floor. It appears that the latter is that the case a minimum of in France wherever the enumeration of floors begins with what in American nomenclature language is already the second floor. Such conundrums riddle may well be worked out indefinitely, however what matters is that they need real referring to the means we have a tendency to understand the area distance around United States and therefore real referring to the means lives and lived, notably in non-extreme moments, here and currently that is most of the time. This question of the double dubiousness of the image belonging or contiguousness of 2 distinct however indivisible entities involves the foreground in another philosophical register, that is that of the relation between mind and body, relative between intellect and resonator. Victimisation the framework of the Baroque house as some extent of departure, firm as a mathematical notation of divergence. Kaufman also bases her argument through the works of Gilles Deleuze, a well-respected French philosopher. Deleuze connects this framework on varied occasions to the mind-body head-substance question. Whereas treating this question consistently with relevance Deleuze would need a lot of in-depth analysis, its helpful and beneficial here to illustrate however Deleuzes model of Baroque area conjointly serves manikin of Baroque area conjointly function an abstract model for the same relation between body and soul. Robben, A. C. G. M. 1989. Habits of the Home: Spatial Hegemony and the Structuration of House and Society in Brazil. American Anthropologist, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 570 588 Habits of the Home provides an intricate glimpse into special hegemony and housing structures in a coastal town, Camurim. Camurim is a coastal town of around 6,000 inhabitants the state of Bahia in northeast Brazil. This socio-spatial organization of the house gains a full capacity. The social relationships and limits fit those of the economic, domestic, through the economy, planned within the home, correspondence of those 2 levels of a stratified results of associate degree informative method during which social perspective of the domestic world. For example, the fabric reply to his written agreement obligations at work, space resembles the competition for standing in within the bedchamber is expounded to the importance of couple. Nonetheless this informative method isnt solely same time, the public toilet economic and public positions, the interpretation and copy. House and society represent area unit reflected nonetheless reworked within the alternative. during this article, Robben clarifies the complicated relation associate degree associate degreealysis of the domestic world of fishermen a sketch of the anthropology setting associate degree, Robben also demonstrates that the organization of society domains isnt an analytic however an empirical polygamous areas exist among the house, the sea, create phased transitions between the 3 domains lowed by an outline of the principal reciprocal direction of the social group and domestic domains can discuss the organization of the house and domains of society. However, Robben highlights variations of the socio-spatial habitus make to totally different erected between house and society. The four-six man fishing crews can stay up to 10 days. They exploit a colossal space of coral reefs and sand banks between the coastal waters and also the fringe of the ocean floor. The twelve largest vessels fish solely with hand lines, whereas the smaller boats alternate between the employment of trawl nets, gill nets, and hand lines. The high price of even the small powerboat ($6,000) has resulted during a patronage system during which some former boat fishermen have succeeded in befriending native landowners to co-sign their bank loans. The growing monopolisation of those social networks by the boat house owners has hindered the upward quality of the boat fishermen. The road is seen as impure, because the supply of evil, as a place of danger conflict that will damage the members of the unit if its dangerous influences are penetrate. Physical markers, thresholds, and ambiguous areas area unit erected that serve rework folks symbolically throughout their transition from one social domain to. According to Robben, residents in Camurim make certain to wipe their feet on the adorned doormat rests on the threshold after they enter a house as a symbolic gesture that they convey evil to the house. Conclusion To conclude, all readings are closely related to homes and dwelling and describe the various themes of home, in regards to personal space and a sense of belonging. Also, between Heidegger (1951) and Robben (1989), there is a rigid perceptive on dwellings and their strong bonds. However, this may not be applicable to residents who may in semi-permanent or temporary buildings. Kaufman (2002), provide a modern arguments to the relationships between dwellers and dwellings through a comparison of ancient era buildings and their structures. Bachelard (1958) provides a fluid, open argument behind the meaning of each designed room within the home. Bachelard also assesses the home from a psychological and philosophical perspective which provides more details for a holistic argument. However, in the modern era the concept of home being separate from the outside world is changing. Due to advancement in technology, the home is also becoming a place to socialise, work and build alongside the outside world through medium such as mobile phones, PCs and tablets. These ideas and viewpoints may be challenged in the present and in the future. Bibliography Bachelard, G. 1958. The Poetics of Space: The Classic Look at how we Experience Intimate Places. (1994 edition, translated by M. Jolas) Boston: Beacon Press Heidegger, M. 1951. Building, Dwelling, Thinking. In: (trans. A. Hofstadter) Poetry, Language, Thought [New York: Harper, 1971], pp. 145-61 Kaufman, E. 2002. Living Virtually in a Cluttered House. Angelaki, vol.7, no. 3, pp. 159 169 Robben, A. C. G. M. 1989. Habits of the Home: Spatial Hegemony and the Structuration of House and Society in Brazil. American Anthropologist, vol. 91, no. 3, pp. 570 588

Qualitative Research: When People are at their Happiest

Qualitative Research: When People are at their Happiest Abstract The main aim of this research was to assess when people are at their happiest, previous research that was carried out was explored for an in-depth knowledge of how individual states of happiness varies and also that happiness mean different things to different people. Happiness is one of the most important part of life for people to attain good health. Thematic analysis method was used in this qualitative research study and a semi structured interview was carried out on two participant’s one male and one female. There were four key themes that emerged from the analysed transcripts, the themes were: Relationship, Well-being, Hobbies and Achievements. (105 words) Introduction This research evaluated when people are at their happiest by using a qualitative research method to conduct an interview to gain a better understanding of people’s opinion on happiness. Most people main purpose in life is to find happiness in everything that they do, when people talk about happiness they relate it to pleasure of a particular moment in their life, or attaining a set goal, pleasure in some ways is a part of happiness but it is not the meaning of happiness. Happiness according to Peterson (2006). Is a very complex aspect of positive psychology, there are different traditional theories for happiness, the way each person measures happiness and its implications differs from one person to another. Perhaps some people thinks if they are financially secure, own a big house or car will make them happy, according to psychologist happy people are those that are not focussed on their set goals but instead the people that are involved in the presence of the moment. (Wiederm an, 2007). There are different routes to achieving a happy life, according to Seligman (2002). People need at least one route to attain a full potential happiness for them to accomplish their desire. The definition of happiness in a scientific aspect of subjective well-being, it is the feeling of satisfaction and affective balance for an individual. (Joseph Linley, 2006). Happiness entails a lot of other things apart from personal important goals that an individual might have set for themselves. Different experimental studies found out that happiness is connected to different desirable benefits that occurs in favour of an individual but because people compare themselves to others it creates an engender unhappiness (Lyubomirsky, 2005). But if happiness is strongly pursued, it can increase the chances for a person to fully attain such desire, especially for an extroverted personality, psychologist suggested that extroverts are happier people (Mauss, Tamir, Anderson, Savino, 2011). This therefore leads to the research question when are people at their happiest? According to the study carried out by Lymbomirsky (2005). It revealed a positive correlation between happiness and success, not that success brings happiness but rather successful people tends to be happier than people that are not successful. It is important to consider individual differences wh en discussing happiness, because it is a common issue that arises when we generalise what happiness means. There are different methods to measure what makes people happy but best and common method used on this topic question is to conduct a qualitative research using a semi structured interview schedule, this method will enable the researchers to gain personal understanding of the participant’s happiest moments and also it will allow them to consider individual differences on what makes them happy. (452 words) Method200 In this study there were two participants one male and one female who took part in a semi structured interview that lasted for approximately fifteen minute, the interview was conducted at a convenient location for both parties involved in the research, a tape recorder was used to take note. All ethical guidelines were followed and a detailed information form was given to the participant, also participants were told that the information provided will be confidential and recorded to be transcribed and analysed. The participant gave a verbal consent to carry out the interview after the research read out the information forms, at the end of the interview all participants were provided a debrief form that includes the details of the researchers in order for the participants to contact them if they have any further questions after the interview. They were also told that they can withdraw from the research at any time. Thematic analysis and a first order coding was used to transcribe and id entify patterns that were formed in the data, this further enabled the researchers to analyse the themes that emerged from the data and through this they were able to explore the data in detail, this also enabled a thorough assessment to be carried out, and subsequently able to identify the themes and sub-themes that emerged before analysing the data (Kvale, 2007). (223 words) Analysis and Discussion The main goal of this study is to analyse the interview that was carried out to assess participant’s state of happiness, there were two participants and I will analyse and discuss the different response to the same questions that were asked by the interviewer. It emerged that people’s view of happiness are different, we live in a world where happiness means different things to different people, some people are very materialistic, but some are not. Unfortunately material possessions does not bring happiness all the time. Due to individual life-style choices consequently have an impact on how we experience the world. Some of the targets that we set for ourselves can affect the way we experience the world and the level of happiness we experience. Thus from this research it is obvious that accomplishment and fulfilment are very important to peoples life. From the literature review psychologist have found out that when we focus on fulfilling this set goals we will more or le ss deny the processes of achieving the full potential happiness. Due to the rise of anxiety and stress levels from the pursuit of accomplishing this goals and to achieve their desires in life, therefore creates issues with the well-being, this happens most especially when it involves personal benefits (Wiederman, 2007). From the interview the most occurring theme was how the participants value their relationships with other people most especially families and friends. It is important to relate our source of happiness with other people. It is hard to see an isolated person who would say that they are completely happy (Wiederman, 2007). In this study wedding day seems to be the top of what makes people happy, the two participants also recognised that when they had their children was one of their happiest moment, this confirmed that we all need other people in order to attain a full potential happiness. There have been series of sequence that emerged during this research on when are people at their happiest? The two participants that took part in this study talked about their state of happiness, the interview schedule had six questions, and one of the example of the questions presented to the participants was: what does happiness mean to you? (See Appendix B). There were four key themes that emerged from the analysed data they are, Relationship, Well-being, Hobbies and Achievements. Theme One: Relationship This is the most salient theme that emerged from this study, ‘Relationship’ was severally referred to by the participant across different questions that was asked. The theme has different aspect to it, with sub-heading as: relationship with family and relationship with other people. Through this two sub-headings the main theme emerged. The sub-heading of relationship with family and others include comments from participants regarding how they take family life serious and also how they value there relationships with other people, both participants were immersed with happiness when they are with their families and friends. An example of the Relationship theme is this comment from participant one: â€Å"I enjoy having people around me, because as a family I am a father with 3 children they are the most important part of my life and seeing them with my wife around and healthy always makes me feel content and happy† ( Appendix D. line 009 – 012). â€Å"I like to be around my friends and families to share my happiness. Spending time with them also adds to my happiness† (Appendix E. Line 038 040) Theme Two: Well-being From the above theme on relationship and the quotations from the participants, ‘Well-being’ manifested as another important theme in the data. The participant relate his physical and spiritual well-being as what makes him happy, there were two sub theme for Well-being and they are social well-being and physical well-being. The participant’s view of happiness is not in one angle rather it was seen in different realm. The quotation was from participants 1 interview. â€Å"Personally I think happiness is a complete compendium which include my state of mind which is how I feel and it involved both my physical state and my spiritual state must all be in tune (in a good form) in order for me to be fully happy.† (Appendix D, Line 031 035). Theme Three: Achievements This theme came about from the sub-heading of goals, education, marriage and having children. The two participants discussed a lot about achieving their set goals and getting through university had boosted their happiness, but the achievements that stand out for the two participants was getting married and having children. From the literature review in the introduction section we can see what psychologist says about people that set goals in order to achieve happiness. An example for the Achievement theme was from participant 2: â€Å"Getting married and being a beautiful bride is something that I wanted as a little girl it was almost my first childhood dream. I was like a princess for the day.† (Appendix E, Line 051 055). . †Feeling that you are doing what you want to do and also achieve your goals.† (Appendix E, Line 033 034). Theme Four: Hobbies And the last theme was titled Hobbies, this theme was created to back up how people releases their daily stress (for instance stress from work or studies) in order to keep the level of happiness at the base-line will reduce anxieties that leads to stress, because people that are constantly stress are more likely to be unhappy. An example for the Hobbies theme was from the interview of participant 2: â€Å"I like to go for a run. This is what I enjoy it relaxes me and also I like to be fit. Especially as a nurse the work can be very stressful and demanding. I have to be on my feet long day. I enjoy running in the park not on the street though.† (Appendix E, Line 075 080). Reflexive Analysis250 During this research I might have impacted on the quality of the interview because of my health condition at the time it was carried out. For the period of the interview I was time conscious mainly because I do not want to over or under interview the participant, this might be due to the fact that it was my first time carryout an interview and also the layout of the questions for the interview could have been somehow expanded to enable the participant to think better in depth about their state of happiness. While I was carrying out the analysis I had a headache which made me grumpy, this might have impacted on the direction of this analysis. It is possible that someone else would approach the research in a different way depending on their mood and well-being. And in future I will create a better layout of questions to enable better understanding for the participants, which will cause less tension for me and therefore create a better experience for me and the participant. At some poin t during the interview session there were some silence’s that I found a bit uncomfortable, and also when the participant was talking about his sexual life, about how he loves having sex and it enables him to be more relaxed. But overall I had a great experience during this research. This interview has made me to realise that money cannot buy you happiness, and also that people are more likely to be happy when they achieve their aim in life. (256 words) References Joseph, S., Linley, P. A. (2006). Positive Therapy: A meta-theory for positive psychological practice. East Sussex: Routledge. Kvale, S. (2007). Doing interviews, chapter 5: conducting an interview,. London: Sage Publications. Retrieved from https://my.bucks.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-396672-dt-content-rid-518515_1/courses/PS504-13SB/Doing interviews Ch 5 Kvale Steinar.pdf Lyubomirsky, S. K. (2005). The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success? Psychological Bulletin, 131, 803– 855. doi:10.1037/0033-2909 .131.6.803 Mauss, I. B., Tamir, M., Anderson, C. L., Savino, N. (2011). Can seeking happiness make people unhappy? Paradoxical effects of valuing happiness. Emotion, 11(4), 807-815. doi:10.1037/a0024986 Peterson, C. (2006). A Primer in Positive Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press. Seligman, M. (2002). Authentic Happiness. New York: Free Press. Wiederman, M. (2007). Why its so hard to be happy. Scientific American Mind, 18(1), 36-43. doi:15552284

Comparing Functionalist and Traditional Marxist Perspectives on Crime E

There are many theories on why crime exists as well has who is committing the crimes and the underlying reasons behind it The two main perspectives being Traditional Marxist and Functionalist both with different views they share very little in common, however they do agree that society shapes the individual and not the individual that shapes society. What is meant by that is that we are all products of our upbringings and learn through socialisation what our beliefs are, what we agree on personally and often shared beliefs and the understanding of what is 'the norm; through our primary interaction with others beginning at home and continuing onto schooling and work. Our beliefs aren't always set in stone and can change through time and growth and the interaction with others once outside the family domain. There are many explanations beginning with Durkheim who was a functionalist, there is Merton who doesn't totally agree with Durkheim but adopted his theory on 'Anomie' and made it his own. In addition there is Hirschi whose theories mirrored that of Durkheim's and before concluding, Marxist view on crime will be looked at. The Functionalist view on crime and society is likening it to the human body to explain it functions. The body has it organs whereas society has it institutions. Functionalists have an interest in the functions of crime, hence the name and are interested in how crime contributes to society as a whole. There is a belief that society is based on consensus or agreement of shared beliefs and values of what is considered to be 'the norm', the views hare then passed on through socialisation. Share values and beliefs o... ... be deviant within a corporate structure although should it occur it is highly unlikely the public would be made aware of it. However the question of mental state of an individual hasn't even been raised by any of the sociologists to explain why a person may offend. Merton seemed to make a lot of sense but there seemed to be something missing in his explanations on why crime exists why some commit and others don't, perhaps the reality is there is no definite answer on why it exists. BIBLOGRAPHY Durkheim, E (1985/1987) Suicide: A Study in Sociology, London: Routledge Erikson, K J. (1966) Wayward Puritans, New York: Wiley Hirschi, T. (1969) Causes of delinquency, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press Merton, R. (1938) Social Structure and Anomie, American Sociological Review, Vol 3, 672-683

The Global Warming Debate Essay -- Climate Change Debate

The concept of global warming has become one of the most widely debated and controversial topics of our time. Scientists learned long ago that the earth’s climate has powerfully shaped the history of humanity. However, it is only in the past few decades that research has revealed that humans have a significant influence on the climate as well. A growing body of scientific evidence indicates that since 1950, the world’s climate has been warming, primarily as a result of emissions from the burning of fossil fuels and the destruction of tropical forests. More importantly, an article titled "Global Warming" published in the New York Times shows that methane, a gas that is emitted from landfills, livestock and oil gas facilities, is a close second to the carbon dioxide impact on the atmosphere (â€Å"Global Warming†). Though there are many scientists who support and can prove that global warming really does exist, a team of scientists from Competitive Ent erprise Institute (CEI) spend their time and energy disproving the myths behind global warming. According to the CEI website, CEI is a company that specializes in debunking those who warn about global warming and climate change (Competitive Enterprise Institute). CEI was founded in 1984 by a group of scientists who all wanted to answer the same question: is global warming real or is it a myth? A compelling argument is presented by the scientists who work for CEI who believe that global warming is a bunch of nonsense that the government wants the public to believe. I believe that instead of believing what the government tells us is true about global warming, we should take action and find the truth ourselves. My argument will begin with an analysis of ... ...hange.† The EPA: Climate Change- Science. EPA, 2011. Web, 9 Nov. 2011. â€Å"Global Warming.† New York Times. 30 Sept. 2011. N. pag. Print. Hawken, Paul. Blessed Unrest. 1st ed. New York: Penguin Group, 2007. 2. Print. "Home." The Greens/Green Party USA. Green Party, 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. Horner, Christopher C. The Politically Incorrect Guide to Global Warming: (and Environmentalism). Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing, 2007. Print. Jenkins, Amber. Site editor. "Global Warming: Vital Signs of the Planet." Climate Change: Evidence. NASA, 2011. Web. 10 Nov. 2011. Johnson, Paul. â€Å"The Nonsense of Global Warming.† Forbes. 182. 6. (2008): 25. Print Kump, Lee R. "The Last Great Global Warming." Scientific American. 305.1 (Jul 2011): 56-61. Print. Starck, Walter. "Global Warming - Myth, Threat or Opportunity." National Observer. Winter.77 (2008): 43-47. Print.

Much Ado About Nothing Essay -- essays research papers

	Much Ado About Nothing is a play that centers around the question and battle between deception and reality. One first notices of the image of deception as we witness the masking and unmasking at the masquerade. In the play, most overhear discussions are deceptions. It is through eavesdropping that we see the true battle between deception and reality as we look at the subplots of Benedick and Beatrice, Hero and Claudio, as well as the comedy of Dogberry and his crew. 	 The relationship between Benedick and Beatrice is one manufactured completely through deception on the behalf of their friends. Though the plot to unite them was planned, many of the problems that arose were because of things that were overheard accidentally or on purpose. In Act II, Scene 3 Benedick is deceived into thinking that Beatrice loves him because of the speech in the garden between Leonato, Claudio, and Don Pedro. Beatrice is sent to fetch Benedick for dinner, and Benedick notes "some marks of love in her," and he decides to take pity upon her and return her love. In Act III, Scene 1 Beatrice is deceived as she overhears Hero and Ursula talk of Benedick's affection for her. Beatrice then decides to allow herself to be tamed by Benedick's "loving hand," and return his love. Beatrice and Benedick re made to fall in love through the deception of those around them, and ironically find happiness more readily than Claudio and Hero. 	The relationship between Clau...

Relations Between the Soviet Union and China Hostile Essay

What were the turning-point events that kept relations between the Soviet Union and China hostile for over 20 years? There were many disputes between China and Russia between the 1950s and 1960s. The disputes may be caused by ideological differences, self-interest, personalities of the leaders, or domestic problems. Mao and Stalin had ideological differences. Although Mao and Stalin’s ideologies are based on Marxism, Stalin believed Mao using the peasants as the basis for revolution is not the right interpretation of Marxism. Stalin thought workers in cities should be the basis to lead the revolution. Also, Stalin feared Mao compete against him in the Communist world, so Stalin wanted a weak China and the USSR will then dominate Asia. He made his policies through self-interests. Thus, Stalin wanted Mao to cooperate with Chiang Kai-shek instead of carrying out a revolution. Therefore Mao believed Stalin was not a true revolutionary. The Sino-Soviet Treaty Alliance is another example, which the Soviets acted through self-interest. The treaty, which was the first treaty between China and Russia, offered the Chinese Soviet expertise and low interest aid. However, it was signed after two months of negotiation and the Chinese was received poor treatment. Plus, the Chinese would have to repay Soviets’ aid with interests. Moreover, the Chinese traditional buildings were replaced with Soviet style buildings and Socialist sciences were prioritized over the western, which was far more effective than the Socialist sciences. Mao was not happy about Stalin’s actions in the Korean War. Stalin encouraged China to send troops into Korea. China sent one million soldiers to Korea and Russia gave China material assistance but China paid $1.35 billion for the Soviet equipment. Between 1953 and 1956, there were tensions and suspicions in Mao and Stalin’s relationship. Stalin might have purposely delay the end of the Korean War in order to weaken China. After Stalin’s death, tension between Russia and China has relaxed. Soviet leaders tried to make the treaties fairer for China. During the leadership years of Khrushchev, tension has eased between China and the USSR. However, tension rose again at the conference of Communist Parties. Mao called Russia to abandon revisionism, which supports Western Capitalists. Mao also believed the USSR is trying to isolate China. Deng believed capitalism had to be crushed in violent revolution. Khrushchev’s visit to Beijing in order to ease the tension caused by the conference was unsuccessful. Khrushchev’s hotel, which was infested by mosquitos, had no A/C in the summer. Also, Khrushchev who was bad at swimming was invited to swim with Mao. It was humiliating for Khrushchev because he had to wear tight swimming shorts and a swim ring. Meanwhile, Deng used this opportunity to criticize the Sovi ets. He said the Soviets had betrayed the Communist movement and had sent spies disguised as technical advisers to China. Next, a series of events caused China and Russia’s relation to deteriorate. The Taiwan crisis resulted the Soviets withdrawing their economic advisers and cancelled commercial contracts with China. Then the Soviets denounced the faulty design of The Great Leap Forward, which made Mao infuriated. Therefore, Mao would now aid any communist countries that do not agree with the USSR. An example of this would be China aiding Albania. In 1961, the USSR withdrew aid from Albania. Then China replaced the Soviet aid to Albania. This led to more hostilities between the two communist countries. Khrushchev and Mao also had different views on nuclear weapons. Mao did not fear nuclear war because he believed war is unavoidable in the revolutionary struggle. On the other hand, Khrushchev want wanted to co-exist with the US. The Test-ban Treaty was signed in 1963, in which the USSR and US agreed to stop nuclear tests. Mao saw this as the USSR siding with the imperialist powers. Also, China called the USSR for help on the development of nuclear weapons, but the Soviets rejected. After Khrushchev left office in 1964, the Soviets continued isolating China. The Soviets criticized the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution. Also the Soviets used this opportunity to criticize China on its development of worldwide opium trade, receiving assistance from West Germany on nuclear research, and so on. China and Russia also had disputes on border. In 1969, they started fighting because of border disputes and Mao was prepared for nuclear war. In the end nuclear weapons was not used, but the dispute had threatened to turn into a full-scale war. The Vietnam War had also caused the disputes between China and Russia because they all wanted Vietnam to be influenced by their ideologies. In the end, USSR won and the Soviet-Vietnamese Treaty of Peace and Friendship was formed. In conclusion, mainly because of self-interest and different ideological views, Russia and China had conflicts on the Conference of Communist Parties in 1957, Taiwan, the Great Leap Forward, the Cultural Revolution, the Vietnam War, and border issues. Because of these serious of events, China and Russia relations were hostile over 20 years.

Karl Marx and Human Nature Essay

I allow taken for my moot 1 chapter from the book Marx and piece disposition by Nor earthly concern Geras. In the second chapter Nor hu earth Geras deals with the gaykind temper and historical philistinism. Although many Marxists denied Marxs theory of homosexual spirit that there was a worldity nature to be frame in Marxs words, there is in f scrap a Marxist innovation of forgiving nature which remains, to ab give away degree, unbroken finishedout memoir and across mixer boundaries. The sixth of the Theses on Feuerbach provided the staple fibers for this interpretation of Marx fit in to which there was no utter(a) human nature to be put in his defecates.Feuerbach resolves the centre of religion into the upshot of man human nature. But the essence of man is no abstraction entire in to each ane single individual. In reality, it is the ensemble of the well-disposed transaction. Feuerbach, who does not premise upon a criticism of this real essence, is therefrom obliged Human nature and so, Marx appears to pronounce that human nature is no much than what is made by the tender transaction. Norman Geras Marxs Theory of Human Nature, however, offers an passing detailed argument against this position.In outline, Geras shows that, duration the tender proportions are held to incur the nature of people, they are not the tho such determinant. In fact, Marx readys statements where he specifically refers to a human nature which is to a greater extent than what is full termed by the circumstances of ones life story. In Capital, in a footnote critiquing utilitarianism, he says that utilitarians must reckon with human nature in general, and then with human nature as modified in each historical epoch. Marx is arguing against an abstract intent of human nature, offering instead an fib rooted in sensuous life. date he is quite explicit that individuals stock mail their life, so they are. Hence what individuals are depends on the solid conditions of their fruit, he also believes that human nature will condition (against the emphasize of the successful ferocitys and relations of end product) the way in which individuals express their life. story involves a endless transformation of human nature, though this does not mean that every aspect of human nature is simply variable what is channelise need not be wholly transformed.Marx did criticize the end to transform into never-ending laws of nature and of reason, the loving forms springing from your throw room of production and form of property, a passage some foothold called reification. For this reason, he would wantly bear wanted to criticize certain aspects of some sexual conquests of human nature. Human beings collectively black market on nature besides do not do the same work there is a division of industry in which people not only do different jobs, but according to Marxist theory, some people delay from the work of others by owning the elbow room of production.How this is genteel depends on the type of nine. Production is carried out through very definite relations between people. And, in turn, these production relations are determined by the take and role of the profitable forces that are present at any given time in floor. For Marx, fur-bearing forces refer to the center of production such as the tools, instruments, technology, land, lovesome corporeals, and human knowledge and abilities in terms of using these means of production.Human nature, Marxs ethical thought and dementia Gears says of Marxs work that Whatever else it is, theory and socio-historical explanation, and scientific as it may be, that work is a moral indictment last outing on the desire of essential human unavoidably, an ethical standpoint, in other words, in which a depend of human nature is involved . Alienation, for Marx, is the estrangement of humans from aspects of their human nature.Since as we build seen hu man nature consists in a particular set of vital drives and tendencies, whose wield constitutes flourishing alienation is a condition wherein these drives and tendencies are stunted. For essential powers, alienation substitutes disempowerment for do ones own life ones object, ones life becoming an object of capital. Marx believes that alienation will be a tout of all high fellowship before collectivism. The opposite of, alienation is actualization or self- legal action- the activity of the self, authorizationled by and for the self.Human nature and the works out of the plentiful forces It has been held by several writers that it is Marxs conception of human nature which justifys the primacy dissertation concerning the expansion of the productive forces, which according to Marx, is itself the rudimentary driving force of history. If true, this would make his account of human nature perhaps the around fundamental aspect of his work. Geras writes, historical materialism itself, this whole distinctive approach to society that originates with Marx, rests squarely upon the idea of a human nature.It highlights that specific nexus of universal needs and capacities which explains the human productive process and mans organized transformation of the material environment which process and transformation it treats in turn as the innovation both(prenominal) of the social order and of historical deepen. The tendencys autonomy is just its liberty of social organise, its rootedness in fundamental material facts of human nature and the human situation. diachronic progress consists fundamentally in the checking of peoples abilities to shape and control the world about them.This is the most basic way in which they develop and express their human essence. historic materialism diachronic materialism started from a fundamental primal reality of human existence that in order for human beings to survive and sojourn existence from generation to generation, it is necessary for them to take on and re amaze the material requirements of life. Marx then all-embracing this premise by asserting the splendor of the fact that, in order to mail out production and exchange, people have to enter into very definite social relations, most fundamentally production relations.Norman Geras analyzed historical materialism and postulated that society has moved through a shape of types or modes of production. That is, the character of the production relations is determined by the character of the productive forces these could be the simple tools and instruments of early human existence, or the more developed machinery and technology of present age. The main modes of production Marx determine generally include primitive communism or tribal society (a prehistorical stage), ancient society, feudalism, and capitalism.In each of these social stages, people interact with nature and produce their sustainment in different ways. whatever surplus from that production is allotted in different ways. Ancient society was ground on a ruling screen of slave owners and a class of slaves feudalism was ground on landowners and serfs and capitalism free radicald on the capitalist class and the working(a) class. The capitalist class privately owns the means of production, distribution and exchange (e. g. , factories, mines, shops and banks) while the working class live by exever-changing their socialised job with the apitalist class for wages. Marx identified the production relations of society (arising on the basis of given productive forces) as the frugalal base of society.He also explained that on the foundation of the economic base their draw near certain political institutions, laws, customs, culture, etc. , and ideas, ways of thinking, morality, etc. These constituted the political/ideologic super social structure of society. This superstructure not only has its origin in the economic base, but its features also finally correspo nd to the character and development of that economic base, i. . the way people organize society is determined by the economic base and the relations that arise from its mode of production. Historical materialism can be seen to rest on the following principles1. The basis of human society is how humans work on nature to produce the means of subsistence. 2. in that respect is a division of labor into social classes (relations of production) based on property ownership where some people live from the labor of others. 3. The system of class division is bloodsucking on the mode of production. 4.The mode of production is based on the level of the productive forces. 5. Society moves from stage to stage when the dominating class is replaced by a untested emerging class, by overthrowing the political shell that enforces the old relations of production no longer equal to the spic-and-span productive forces. This takes place in the superstructure of society, the political orbit in the form of revolution, whereby the underclass liberates the productive forces with new relations of production, and social relations, corresponding to it.Human nature and historical materialism Marxs theory of history attempts to follow the way in which humans change their environments and (in dialectical relation) their environments change them as well. That is non only do the objective conditions change in the act of reproduction, e. g. the village becomes a town, the wilderness a cleared plain stitch etc. but the producers change, too, in that they act upon out new qualities in themselves, develop themselves in production, transform themselves, develop new powers and ideas, new needs and new language.The send-off premise of all human history is, of course, the existence of living human individuals. Thus the first fact to be set up is the physical organization of these individuals and their consequent relation to the rest of nature. Thus History does nothing, it possesses no i mmense wealth, and it wages no battles. It is man, real, living man who does all that, who possesses and fights history is not, as it were, a person apart, using man as a means to get its own aims history is nothing but the activity of man pursuing his aims.So we can see that, even before we begin to consider the precise character of human nature, real, living humans, and the activity of man pursuing his aims is the very building tug of Marxs theory of history. Humans act upon the world, changing it and themselves and in doing so they make history. But even beyond this, human nature plays two key roles. In the first place, it is part of the explanation for the appendage of the productive forces, which Marx conceives of as the driving force of history. Secondly, the particular needs and drives of humans explain the class antagonism which is generated under capitalism. culture and critical remarks Here I would like to say that Marxist philosophical anthropology is one sided. Its co nception of human nature and human good overlooks the need for self individualism than which nothing is more essentially human. The case of this is held to be that Marx and his followers have underestimated the sizeableness of phenomena, such as religion and nationalism, which carry out the need for self identity. In the study of human nature and historical materialism, history is what is made by human beings and its nature. agree to Marx human beings are working and changing the world, Marx ignored all other factors that at work in the development of history. History has been developed not only by human beings but also through various elements. Historical materialism is caused by the production of things and there by arising social relationships. Here it implies that economy is the basic structure of society that controls and develops. But it is a reductionist approach, it is impossible to reduce the basic structure as economic relations alone.