Report about the Willowbrook school

Question: Write a report about the Willowbrook School. Answer: Introduction: Willowbrook School is a small private school which has a good reputation and wants to adapt IT in their school to provide various services to staff as well as students. So, system design specification has been provided to the school for the design of various interfaces of the information system. The best methodology for developing the system, Training plan for the system and testing techniques for testing the systems have been discussed in this analysis report. Design Architecture: The information system which has been proposed for a small private school named as Willowbrook School would be based on the Client Server Architecture. In Client Server Architecture, there are two types of independent processors i.e. (Setia, 2012) client and server. A client is a process that sends requests to the server for accessing specific services and server is a process that provides the requested services to the client. Both processes either reside in the same system or in different systems connected by a network connection. Among the various types of client/server architecture, multi-tier client server architecture is recommended best for the information system proposed for the school. Since the information system has to be flexible and reusable, that is why multi-tier client server architecture has been chosen. Multi-tier client server architecture is an expansion of 3-tier architecture in which the layers such as application processing, presentation, and data management functions are separated physically. Advantages of using multi-tier client server architecture: Scalable: The multi-tier architecture provides scalability to the system. For e.g., since the tiers are physically separated from each other, therefore involvement of one tier do not affect the other tier involved. Multi-tier deployment nature of it makes it scalable. Security Control: Security can be enforced to (Codeproject.com, 2013) different every tier in a different way according to the security requirement. 1 or 2 tiers have limited number of tiers therefore there is not much security present in those architectures. In n-tier architecture, requests of users are routed by the client presentation layer to business layer and then to the data layer. The client presentation layer acts as a proxy-like layer for the business layer and then business layer acts as a proxy like layer for the data layer. These proxy-like layers are used to protect the layers below to them. Fault tolerance Ability: Without affecting the other layers of architecture, databases in the data layer are clustered for load balance or failover. Therefore, it has a better fault tolerance ability. Friendly and efficient development: Every layer can be handled by a (Codeproject.com, 2013) team member who is specialized in that particular functional area, so the relevant task can be done more efficiently. Better Reusability: The coupling is loose among the layers; therefore, they can be implemented in many ways. That is why; they can be reused by many other applications. Disadvantages of multi-tier client server architecture: As it involves more computers, networks and processes, therefore there may be a (Codeproject.com, 2013) chance that hardware and network bandwidth does not remain good. That is why, using multi-tier, its performance might become comparatively slow. As mentioned above, it requires more number of hardware, and a better network bandwidth, therefore the cost for network, hardware, deployment and maintenance is very high. Cost/Benefit analysis: There are number of benefits accounted on the basis of cost/benefit analysis done over client server architecture. Since client server architecture has a scalability characteristic, therefore it would be easy to expand or shrink the services which help in saving costs. Client server architecture also controls network load due to which there will be less money required for network repairs. As response time is quick for this type of architecture, so number of benefits can be made. Physical and Network Topology: Figure: Logical Network Topology Hardware Requirements: Hardware Requirements for the information system are as follows: Processor: Intel Core I3 and above or AMD FX 4100 and above, or A6 and above. Hard Drive: 128 Gigabytes or more. Memory: 8GB. Database Access Server such as SQL, Microsoft Access, Oracle etc. Web Server such as IIS, Apache. Application server such as Glassfish, WebSphere etc. Routers such as Cisco 800. Personal Computer or laptop. Access point for Internet service. System Design Specification: System design specification if the specification that consists of all the information that is required to create the system. This specification is provided by the implementation and testing teams. So, basically SDS is a document that contains the information for designing the system and it is an output of requirement specification and input to the implementation of the system. Generally, System Design Specification consists of the following sections: Project Scope. System Design. Component and Process Design. Data Design. User displays and Output Reports. System Files. Prototype Analysis. System Development and Project Management Schedules. Special Notes. Project Extensions. Outline of the various modules/components The proposed system for the developed system architecture has been divided mainly into three modules or components i.e. School administrator, teacher/staff and student. The main key modules for these components are as follows: School Admin: Updating, adding and deleting the details of the students. Updating, adding and deleting the schedules of examinations. Updating, adding and deleting the details of staff/teachers. Managing the fees of studying. Handling payment details. Staff/Teachers: Updating, adding and deleting the details of the students. Updating the marks of the students. Uploading questions papers of examinations for admin. Managing the lecture notes and syllabus for students. Updating or deleting the details of subject. Student: Updating their own details such as contact number, contact address and email id etc. Viewing the results. Viewing and downloading the lecture notes and syllabus. Main Key Module: Login with authorized credentials to access the specified services. Relationship among different modules or components is described as follows: All the modules for system design which have been mentioned above such as school administrator, staff/teachers and student depend on the only single module which is a login module with which various services are provided to various users. Based on the main module i.e. login module, users are classified as: Registered Users: Registered Users are those authenticated users who are registered with specific credentials and are able to access the particular services assigned to them. Registered users for the school information system are school administrator, staff members or teachers and students. If someone wants to create a new account, then the person would have to sign up and approval would be made by school administrator and then specific services are provided to them. Unregistered Users: Unregistered users are those guest users who might visit the website for the first time or they are just the visitors. They are only able to view the basic information about the school provided on the website. Issues with the User interfaces: Issues with the user interfaces are divided into the following two types: For administrator. For user. Description about various modules or components Module Name: Login Module. The aim of this module is to give access to the registered users to enter to the system and use the specified services. Only registered and authorized users are able to access the system and its services. There is a need of internet connection to access the module, so it is necessary that every user should have internet connection. When a user opens this module, he/she gets connected with the server which checks their login credentials and if the credentials are valid, then entry is allowed for the users. If the user who logs in to the module is a registered or authorized user, then that particular user is redirected to the website for which he/she has privileges. If the user is unregistered or new to the site, then that person is redirected to the sign up page for doing registration. All the data related to this module is stored in MYSQL database. Element Name: Updating, adding and deleting the details of the students: The aim of this module is to permit user to manage the details of students such as updating details, adding new student and deleting a student. All the details related to the students are sent to the server so as to receive the response accordingly. Usually when staff logins and opens this module, staff updates the details of students such as name, subject, marks etc. When student logins and opens this module, he/she can edit their details such as contact number, address and email id etc. School administrator may also open this module for updating the details, adding a student if some new admission takes place or deleting a student when student leaves the school. Internet connection is must to perform all the processes. All the details are stored in MYSQL database and addition and deletion of students is done through matching criterion of database. Element name: Updating the marks of the students: The aim of this module is to permit staff or teachers to update the marks of the students so that students may later on view their results when result gets fully prepared by the staff members. Internet connection is must. Marks of students are sent to server and server responds back when student needs to view marks logging with their credentials. All the data is stored on the backend MYSQL. Element name: Uploading questions papers of examinations for admin: The aim of this module is to permit staff or teachers to upload the question papers prepared for examinations and it is to make sure that they are not accessible by students and only accessible by admin for securing it properly and printing them at the time of examination. Internet connection s must to upload the question papers. Only two users i.e. teachers and school administrator can access this module. Element name: Managing the lecture notes and syllabus for students: The aim of this module is to permit the staff or teachers to manage the lecture notes and syllabus by preparing lecture notes and syllabus for students. Student can access to them by login to their credentials. Internet access is must. Data is stored in MYSQL database and returned to the student when request is sent to the server. Element name: Handling payment details: The aim of this module is to manage the payment details i.e. handling the payment details of various staff members or teachers. Internet connection is must to access this module. All the details related to the payment are saved and stored in MYSQL database. Element name: Managing the fees of students: The aim of this module is to manage the fees of students i.e. letting the students who have not submitted the fees so that they could deposit the fees on the time else fine would be charged from them. Internet connection is must to send notification to students regarding the fee submission. Element name: Updating, adding and deleting the schedules of examinations: The aim of this module is to manage the exam schedules i.e. uploading the date sheet, uploading the sitting plan, updating all the details regarding to date sheet. This module is accessed by the school admin to maintain schedules so that students could be able to view it. Internet connection is must to upload all the necessary details. All the data related to this module is stored in MYSQL database. So, all the modules discussed above need internet connection in order to run efficiently. Application Development Methodology: Application Development Methodology proposed for the information system for this school is Agile Software Methodology. Agile Development Methodology is a type of software development methodology (Sharma, Sarkar and Gupta, 2012) which builds the software in incremental manner with the help of short iterations of around 1 to 4 weeks. A process of frequent feedback is adopted by the agile so as to deliver a workable product after 1 to 4-week iteration. The individual or group of persons who are involved in the agile methodology: Scrum Master: A scrum master is a main leader of the team who supports the members of team to follow the practices of agile so as to meet with their commitments. Roles of a scrum master are as follows: Protecting the team from any kind of disturbances. Working with an organization for tracking the processes and progress of the company. Enabling co-operation among all the functions and roles. Performing team meetings, retrospective meetings, planned meetings and daily stand-ups meetings. Owner of Product: An owner of a product is a person who owns the product and wants the product to be developed. Roles of a product owner are as follows: Defining the requirements and prioritizing them. Taking part in an active role in release planning meetings and iteration planning. Representing the voice of a customer. Determining the release date and schedule. Cross functional Team: Cross functional team consists of various team members such as 3 to 4 developers, 1 tester, 1 technical lead, 1 product owner and 1 scrum master. Scrum master and product owner are considered to be in team interface while all other team members are considered to be in the technical interface. Advantages of Agile Development Methodology: Adaptive to changes: In agile development methodology, (Sharma, Sarkar and Gupta, 2012) software is developed in various iterations. Each and every iteration is represented by various phases such as analysis, design, implementation and testing. After every iteration, prototype like mini project is delivered to the customer for taking their feedback. Any changes wanted by the customer are always welcome and developers do their best in implementing their changes. Customer satisfaction: Customer Involvement is actively required throughout the development process. Mini projects in the form of deliverables are sent to the user after each iteration for the use and feedback is taken accordingly. On the basis of the feedback, improvements are made. Improvements are made so that end product is of high quality to ensure the customer satisfaction. Less Documentation: There is not much use of documentation in agile development methodology because documentation is not made on the internal design of the software. It involves brief documentation which consists of features of the products, duration of each iteration, and its date. This documentation helps to save time for development and to deliver the project in less time. Reduced Risk of Development: Because a mini project is delivered in agile approach, and feedback is given by the users which help in improving the project. It also helps in reducing the risks that may occur in later stages. Errors are discovered quickly and so they are fixed quickly. Disadvantages of Agile Development Methodology: Customer Interaction: As lot of customer interaction is present in agile development methodology approach, therefore requirements are provided by customers only. If in some case, customer is not clear about deciding requirements, then there is a possibility that development may go out of track. Lack of Documentation: Although less documentation helps in saving the time for development, but is one of the disadvantage for the developer. As project has to be delivered on given deadline, therefore, there is no much time for preparing documentation. Because of the less documentation, new people who join the organization are not much aware of the project. Time consuming: If customer is not satisfied with the mini projects delivered to them, then that mini part does not remain useful. Lot of time, efforts and resources are wasted to develop that mini project deliverable again. Advantages of Structured Methodology: Ease of understanding. Straightforward and effective. Good Industry Standard. Validation of requirements is done. It follows the particular structure of development. Disadvantages of Structured Methodology: If the system requires changes to be done, then a complete re-work is done because adapting changes in this approach is complex. Time taken to complete development is more and so the cost of development is increased. There is no such involvement of direct management. There is no involvement of nonfunctional requirements in a project based on structured methodology. Advantages of Object Oriented Development Methodology: Object Oriented Development is aimed at appreciating more extended life rather than having little upkeep costs. Object Oriented Framework is considered to be stronger than the conventional frameworks. When another object is created, then it will be acquiring the information related qualities and attributes of the class from which it was brought forward. Therefore, in this way all new objects will acquire qualities from their super classes. That is why; object oriented approach follows high code reusability. Disadvantages of Object Oriented Development Methodology: More lines of codes are included in object oriented approach rather than including procedural projects. Since more directions need to be executed, therefore, these object oriented projects are much slower than the strategy based projects. This approach is not reasonable for a wide range of issues. Testing and Test Data: Testing is a process of detecting the errors in a project so that project becomes error free and of high quality. Various types of testing which are performed for the proposed system are as follows: Unit Testing: Unit Testing is a type of testing which is used to test a single module of the system at the time. It is performed by developers before they handle the project to testing team. Each and every module is tested separately and checked whether the expected result is correct or not. Its aim is to isolate each part of project to make sure that all individual parts are correct in terms of requirements and functionality. Integration Testing: Integration testing is a part of testing which is used to test the combination of modules together to ensure that they are working correctly. It is basically done in two ways: Bottom-up Integration a Top-down Integration. System Testing: System testing is a type of testing which is done to test the system as a whole. Once all the modules get integrated or combined, then whole application is tested rigorously to check whether it meets he specified requirements. Regression Testing: When there is some change made in the software, then it may be possible that any error or bug may occur in the system due to the effect of change. So, regression testing is done to see if there is any bug in the system because of the change in system. Test Data: Data which is tested in the system includes: Login credentials for all users. Student details, staff/teachers details, fee details, payment details and details related to exams. Subject details, syllabus and lecture details. Database credentials. Training Plan: There are four types of intended audience that need the training for the proposed information system: Users: Training type: Introduction. Users are given training about the overview of system, basic functionalities, starting and shutting down systems, troubleshooting guide, downloading and uploading files. Business Owners: Training type: Specialized Need. If there is a need to introduce a change in the business logic, then a proper training should be provided. Technical Support Staff: Training type: Support and Help. They will be taught about the frequently asked questions of users, risks and their solutions, documentation, resolving issues. School Administrator: Training type: Management. Training to them will be given on cost or benefit analysis, scheduling information, providing training to users, reporting structure. Data Conversion: The conversion of data can be both iterative as well as incremental. It depends on the following situations: When the existing system data has to get converted into the file system, then n incremental approach is followed. When the data has to be completely transferred into a new system, then an iterative approach is followed. The information has to be entered in the following manner: First of all, data related to the school has to be entered. So, if there are any branches of school, then the information such as name, city name, branch name, address, contact number has to be entered in an iterative way. Then the various subjects and programs offered by the school are entered and information of staff or teachers and students are entered. It is important to handle the data of students more securely as it contains payment details. During the change process, various documents are recognized and manage to take after the cases such as: Containing missing documents. Containing missing field values. Failure in mechanizing altering schedules. Data requiring manual validation. System change over approach: For the proposed study, school has not enough budgets to handle expensive cost of changeover method. Operation and maintenance of a system at a time is done by the IT team, so it is considered to be the least expensive changeover approach. There might be a chance of occurrence of abnormal errors but they are handled quickly due to its simple implementation and development. Old system is not compatible for school information system, so it is the only best option. Parallel and some other techniques might be expensive to implement for school information system. Conclusion: The Willowbrook school has proposed its information system using the multi-tier architecture. Agile development methodology is recommended for this information system so that number of benefits can be taken advantage of. Various types of testing such as unit testing, integration testing, system testing, regression testing is done on the system to check its functionalities. Therefore, this analysis reports covers all the aspects related to information system of a small private school i.e. willowbrook school. References: Sharma, S., Sarkar, D. and Gupta, D. (2012). Waters, K. (2007). 10 Good Reasons To Do Agile Development | All About Agile. Cs.armstrong.edu. (2013). System Design Specification:. Setia, S. (2000). Client - Server Applications. Codeproject.com. (2013). N-Tier Architecture and Tips - CodeProject. Bourke, C. (2012). Multi-Tier Architectures. Description about various modules or components

Mgt 501 Mod 5 Case Essay Example

Mgt 501 Mod 5 Case Essay Module 5 Case Organizations as Political Systems MGT 501 Leaders in an Organization must have the pulse of the organization and fully understand the Politics and culture within their organization to be able to effectively lead and know which style of leadership to apply in a various array of situations. In the Clement article he discusses 3 main topics. First is the importance of dealing with organizational culture. His key point is that management must work within the existing culture to transform the organization. The important objective is to improve the company, not necessarily change the culture. His second topic is the role of leadership in organizational change. He discusses the role of leadership in dealing with culture and the leadership styles that may be required. Lastly he discusses the consideration of organizational power, and the related topic of politics, in organizational change. In the three companies that he conducts analysis on two of them received outside pressure of board members to make a change and bring in new top management teams. Their new interactions and relationships both inside and outside the organization appear to be what was needed to turn those companies around. Leadership is a tough business and politics both internal and external to an organization add an extra challenge. (Ratzburg, 2002) â€Å"Politics  is a means of recognizing and, ultimately,  reconciling competing interests  within the organization. Competing interests can be reconciled by any number of means. For example, resorting to rule by the manager might be seen as an example of totalitarian rule. On the other hand, politics may be a means of creating a non-coercive, or a democratic work environment. According to Aristotle,  politics stems from a diversity of interests. We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt 501 Mod 5 Case specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt 501 Mod 5 Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Mgt 501 Mod 5 Case specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer To fully understand the politics of the organization, it is necessary to explore the processes by which people engage in politics. Consistent with Aristotles conceptualization, it is a given that, within the organization, all  employees  bring their own  interests, wants, desires, and needs  to the workplace. The successful practice of organizational politics is perceived to lead to a higher level of power, and once a higher level of power is attained, there is more opportunity to engage in political behavior. Common Influence (Political) Tactics are identified a series of common influence tactics and listed them from most effective to least effective: * rational persuasion logical arguments and factual evidence * inspirational appeal arousal of enthusiasm by appealing to values * consultation seeking participation in planning * ingratiation * exchange offering an exchange of favors * personal appeal appeals to feelings of loyalty or friendship * coalition seeking the aid of others legitimating pointing to organizational policies, rules practices, or traditions * pressure demands, threats, persistent reminders† Politics and power can both be used in positive ways. Coercion may occasionally be needed to influence those who refuse to support change. Communication and collaboration can often enable political activities of a positive nature, especially if the organizational culture has been considered and the leader of the cultural change effort was effective in influencing posi tive change. CLEMENT, 1994) â€Å"Those attempting to implement change should study the history of the organization and its relationships with its various stakeholders, including those beyond its boundaries. Only in this way can change advocates understand the observable but misleading facts and uncover the real systems of meaning to which managers and employees subscribe. Any discussion of organizational power needs to consider the closely related topic of organizational politics. Politics is power in action; it involves acquiring, developing, and using power to achieve ones objectives. Because change always threatens the existing balance of power in an organization, politics will always be used to maintain balance. The analysis of politics must be performed at three levels: individual, coalition, and network. Not only must the advocates of change watch out for political and power plays, they must also use power and politics themselves. Its a necessary case of fighting fire with fire. A somewhat higher level of political maneuveringpolitical facilitationcalls for direct interaction with those who may help or hinder the change. It applies to more substantial changes perhaps major reorganizations within manufacturing divisions, individual retail outlets, or government agencies. The level of political maneuvering appropriate for large-scale organizational change is called political intervention. † This module relates to the previous module where we discussed culture, and the occasional need for a change in the culture of the organization. A key factor with any change is strong and honest communication from the top level management and that top managers must talk the talk and walk the walk to be a role model for the change in which they are trying to implement. CLEMENT, 1994) â€Å"In addition to communication and widespread participation, they noted two other key leadership behaviors. First, top management needs to demonstrate visible and consistent support for change. Modeling expected behaviors is important; if the change effort calls for team-building, then top management should be the first group t o try to build teams. The other important leadership behavior is tying the change program to business needs. Management needs to show how the change will improve outcome measures such as profits, productivity, or quality of work life. The most commonly cited reason for the failure of a change effort was the presence of inaccurate and negative rumors, often caused by managements neglecting to provide timely and accurate information. The second biggest reason for failure was that of employees learning of the change from outsidersagain, because management did not communicate. Many employees, especially those affected by the change, expressed extreme resentment about this situation. The final cause of failure was managements reliance on a lean channel of communication, such as a memo instead of a face-to-face meeting. The leadership style of the leaders and managers which are trying to implement change is important to note, not only do leaders need to be able to use the appropriate leadership style for a particular situation but, they also need to know their managers and leaders within their organization and understand which leadership style they respond to best. (Clark, 2010) â€Å"Authoritarian or autocratic This s tyle is used when leaders tell their employees what they want done and how they want it accomplished, without getting. Some people tend to think of this style as a vehicle for yelling, using demeaning language, and leading by threats and abusing their power. This is not the authoritarian style, rather it is an abusive, unprofessional style called â€Å"bossing people around. † It has no place in a leaders repertoire. The authoritarian style should normally only be used on rare occasions. If you have the time and want to gain more commitment and motivation from your employees, then you should use the participative style. * Participative or democratic This is normally used when you have part of the information, and your employees have other parts. Note that a leader is not expected to know everything —   * Delegative or Free reign The leader allows the employees to make the decisions. However, the leader is still responsible for the decisions that are made rather this is a style to be used when you fully trust and confidence in the people below you. Do not be afraid to use it, however, use it  wisely! † In many organizations the company will succeed or fail due to the decisions and culture that the leadership makes with regards to the way they choose to do business. Organizational core values are extremely important but, they are only as important as the leaders â€Å"model† for members of their work force to emulate as a standard of acceptable behavior. Organizational politics is closely related to organizational power. (CLEMENT, 1994)† Politics is power in action; it involves acquiring, developing, and using power to achieve ones objectives. Because change always threatens the existing balance of power in an organization, politics will always be used to maintain balance† Clark, D. (2010, June 13). Leadership Styles. Retrieved July 29, 2011, from A Big Dog, Little Dog and Knowledge Jump : http://www. nwlink. com/~donclark/leader/leadstl. html CLEMENT, R. (1994, January-February). Culture, Leadership, and power: the keys to organizational change. Retrieved Aug 3, 2011, from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_m1038/is_n1_v37/ai_14922916/ Ratzburg, W. (2002, November 20). Defining Organizational Politics. Retrieved August 4, 2011, from OBnotes. HTM: http://web. archive. org/web/20080216010425/http://www. geocities. com/Athens/Forum/1650/htmlpolitc01. html

Racism in the World free essay sample

Many people in America like to believe that racism is no longer apart of today’s world. They couldn’t be farther from the truth. In the twentieth-century, racism seemed to hit an all-time high around the world. With America trying to cope after the Civil War and Europe facing genocide, discrimination seemed inevitable, but can the problem of racism be solved? When looking back on America’s history after the Civil War, racism is apparent throughout in the form of segregation. Segregation truly started in 1865 with the Reconstruction of the United States, â€Å"A period from 1865-1877 immediately following the Civil War in which the federal government set the conditions that would allow the rebellious Southern States back into the Union† (â€Å"The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow†). A Reconstruction Policy was presented to the Congress by President Andrew Johnson but he supported white supremacy in the South and favored pro-Union Sothern political leaders who had aided the confederacy in the war. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism in the World or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Southerners, with Johnson’s support, attempted to restore slavery in substance if not in name. One way they tried to do this was with the construction of the Ku Klux Klan. In the beginning, the KKK was a secret fraternity club in Tennessee rather than a terrorist organization. Although, the Klan quickly grew and spread beyond Tennessee to every state in the South. It attracted former Civil War generals and included mayors, judges, sheriffs, as well as common criminals. With all of this terror occurring in the south, the Republican-controlled congress was trying to protect blacks. And so, in1815, in a last-ditch effort to protect what remained of Reconstruction, the Congress â€Å"managed to pass a civil rights bill that sought to guarantee freedom of access, regard less of race, to the â€Å"full and equal enjoyment† of many public facilities† (The Rise and Fall of Jim Crow). Jumping ahead to 1970, the public is shown how blacks are treated and live in Toni Morrison’s novel, The Bluest Eye. This book takes place in Lorain, Ohio at the end of the Great Depression. It is the story of three girls: Pecola, eleven; Claudia MacTeer, nine; and Frieda MacTeer, ten. They live in lower class houses and do everything they can to scrape by. In this story, these girls are faced with what is â€Å"beautiful† in the world, and in most people’s eyes that includes blonde hair, blue eyes, and white skin. Claudia could care less if she were white and does not see what all the hustle and bustle about being white is. But Pecola, on the other hand, wants nothing more than to be white. â€Å"Pecola loves Shirley Temple, believing that whiteness is beautiful and that she is ugly† (Sparknotes). Pecola’s life is a life no one should have, nor deserves. Her father drinks, her mother is distant, and the two of them often beat one another. Her mother beats her and her father has raped her on more than one occasion, eventually impregnating her. She continually receives confirmation of her own sense of ugliness. When she buys candy, the grocer looks right through her. Boys constantly make fun of her. And she is wrongly blamed for killing a boy’s cat and is called a â€Å"nasty little black bitch† by his mother. Pecola believes that if she had blue eyes, she would be loved and her life would be transformed. Around the time The Bluest Eye takes place, Europe was facing even harder times. The Holocaust refers to the period from January 30, 1933, when Adolf Hitler became chancellor of Germany, to May 8, 1945, when the war in Europe official ended. â€Å"During this time, Jews in Europe where subjected to progressively harsher persecution that ultimately led to the murder of six million Jews (1. 5 million of these being children) and the destruction of five thousand Jewish communities. These deaths represented two-thirds of European Jewry and one-third of all world Jewry† (â€Å"The Holocaust: An Introductory History†). In order to turn the European public against the Jews, the Nazi Party created a weekly newspaper called Der Sturmer  (The Attacker). â€Å"At the bottom of the front page of each issue, in bold letters, the paper proclaimed, The  Jews  are our misfortune!   Der Sturmer  also regularly featured cartoons of  Jews  in which they were caricatured as hooked-nosed and apelike. The influence of the newspaper was far-reaching: by 1938 about a half million copies were distributed weekly† (â€Å"The Holocaust: An Introductory History†). As Hitler’s rule progressed, the Jews were made to wear a golden star of David on all their clothing, they could only go to Jewish owned businesses, then finally, they could not own their own business and were only allowed to buy certain types of food. Soon, the Jews were isolated from the rest of the towns and had to live in ghettos. The living conditions in these ghettos were almost unbearable. What the Nazi’s did to the Jews next was unthinkable. â€Å"In June  1941  Germany attacked the Soviet Union and began the Final Solution. Four mobile killing groups were formed called  Einsatzgruppen  A, B, C and D. Each group contained several commando units. The  Einsatzgruppen  gathered  Jews  town by town, marched them to huge pits dug earlier, stripped them, lined them up, and shot them with automatic weapons. The dead and dying would fall into the pits to be buried in mass graves†¦ Jews  were singled out for Special Treatment (Sonderbehandlung), w hich meant that Jewish men, women and children were to be methodically killed with poisonous gas. (The Holocaust: An Introductory History). The camps were liberated gradually, as the Allies advanced on the German army. One survivor of the Holocaust, Elie Wiesel wrote an autobiography called Night about the different things he experienced during World War II and the Holocaust as a Jew in Europe. Only a teenager, Elie writes, after he and his father survive the first selection at Birkenau, â€Å"Never shall I forget that night, the first night in camp, which has turned my life into one long night, seven times cursed and seven times sealed. Never shall I forget that smoke. Never shall I forget the little faces of the children, whose bodies I saw turned into wreaths of smoke beneath a silent blue sky. Never shall I forget those flames which consumed my faith forever. Never shall I forget that nocturnal silence which deprived me, for all eternity, of the desire to live. Never shall I forget those moments which murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to dust. Never shall I forget these things, even if I am condemned to live as long as God Himself. Never† (Sparknotes). Although these events happened more than sixty eight years ago, it is still in our close history. All around the world there are still people who experienced these events first hand. Although times may be different, racism is still and issue. Racism is a person’s individual feeling. We cannot change what people think. We could try to teach children that everyone is equal and have all integrated schools and not have so many schools that are â€Å"predominantly† one race.

Clark Surname Meaning and Origin

Clark Surname Meaning and Origin The Clark surname is an occupational name for cleric, clerk, or scholar - one who can read and write, from the Old English cler(e)c, meaning priest.  Also from the Gaelic Mac a Chlerich/Cleireach; son of the cleric or, sometimes, clerk. During the Middle Ages, the common pronunciation of -er was -ar, so the man who sold items was the marchant, and the man who kept the books was the clark. At the time, the primary members of the literate class were the clergy, which in minor orders were allowed to marry and have families. The term clerk (clark) eventually came to designate any literate man. The Cleary / OClery surname, one of the oldest surnames in Ireland, is often anglicized to Clarke or Clark. Clark is the 25th most popular surname in the United States and the 34th most common in England. Clarke, with an e, is actually more common in England - coming in as the 23rd most popular surname. It is also a very common name in Scotland (14th) and Ireland. Surname Origin English, Irish Alternate Surname Spellings ï » ¿CLARKE, CLERK, CLERKE Famous People With the Surname CLARK William Clark - one half of the legendary Lewis Clark expedition to the Pacific Ocean, along with Meriwether Lewis.Guy Clark - American singer/songwriterArthur C. Clarke - British science fiction writer, best known for 2001: A Space Odyssey Genealogy Resources for the Surname CLARK 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Clark(e) Surname DNA ProjectThis project was started to determine if the early Clark families in Virginia were of the same family, and/or if they were connected to explorer William Clark. The project has now expanded to include a broader scope of Clark families around the world. Clark Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Clark surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Clark query. There is also a separate forum for the CLARKE variation of the Clark surname. FamilySearch - CLARK GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Clark surname and its variations. DistantCousin.com - CLARK Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Clark. - References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Why Euthanasia Should be Permitted Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Why Euthanasia Should be Permitted - Essay Example The language used by the writer is simple and is easily understood. The position that she wants to convey is clearly articulated. The direct mode of persuasion is used by the writer. The claim of the essay is that if a doctor is not allowed to practice euthanasia at the request of his patient, it is tantamount to violating a person’s right to die. According to the writer it is also an â€Å"economic burden and it interferes with a doctor’s job†. Furthermore, it â€Å"increases the patient’s sufferings†. The writer is trying to persuade his readers to fight for the legalization of euthanasia.The writer uses the appeal to the emotions as shown in this sentence, â€Å"If the person wishes to die, we should please him with their last wish†. This is obviously an appeal to the emotions because who in his right mind would not like to grant a dying person’s wish. Another example of an appeal to the emotions is the question raised by the writer in the concluding paragraph, â€Å"Would you like to be helped by doctors and your friends to die the way you want it or be kept in a room where you can hardly move with machines keeping you alive?†. The writer wants the readers to imagine themselves being in a situation where euthanasia is an option. On the other hand, the writer made use of logic in stating that, â€Å"The kind of quality of life is defined by the patient, not the doctor or government†. Aside from this statement, the writer hardly made use of logos because there were no facts, figures or expert testimonies.

Feasibility Analysis of Book Exchange Website Essay

Feasibility Analysis of Book Exchange Website - Essay Example This intended project is about the development of an online website system which will be useful for students. This web based system will be an online book exchange website. This website will offer the opportunity to students to obtain free books online trough exchanging them to others at the same website. This feasibility report is aimed to offer a detailed overview of the system development for facilitating the people for obtaining books online by exchanging them to others. The development of the online business website system offers an opportunity to become a part of global ecommerce community. The development of an online website for exchanging books and offering them to student at no cost needs elaboration of the main revenue source of the business. In the intended website it is expected to implement an effective ecommerce revenue model. We have researched and found that for such type of the website the web based promotion or pay-per-click revenue model will be appropriate. The main aim of this business website is to develop and implement a system that offers the business a better opportunity and facilitate the people to access free books and exchanging your books to others. The next main financial aim of this project is to generate revenue for business through establishment of an effective revenue model on the web. The proposed website is for the exchanging costly and less available books to the other students/people on the web. The main aim of the this website is to offer a better and greater opportunity regarding the establishment of a common and innovative platform for exchanging huge collation of books to overall students and book lovers community. This website will be an innovative project of its nature that is aimed to offer the people to obtain book of any cost. However this website also produces a feeling of goodness to other

Decision-making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Decision-making - Essay Example sset Pricing Model or CAPM relates the returns on one individual security with that of the market and as such it considers the risk of the market as well as the risk of the individual security. So called beta is therefore the exact measure which shows the relationship between the risk and return of the individual security with that of the market by calculating the co-variance of returns on individual security with that of the market. CAPM also assumes that the investors are well diversified and they only attempt to reduce the systematic risk that is arising out of the market. As such beta is the measure which calculates this systematic risk and is always assumed to be 1 for the market as a whole. The above calculations indicate that the beta calculated through two methods is different from each other. Beta-1 is calculated through the traditional method of finding the covariance and variance and then taking the ratio of two whereas beta 2 is calculated through regression analysis by taking the slope of the % change in the returns of the market and the individual security. The differences in the value of the two betas may be attributed to the relative differences in the two methodologies. The published betas of two companies are 2.48 & 2.14 and are significantly different from calculated beta. (digitallook.com,2010. The above calculations indicate differences between the beta calculated and beta that has been published in various external sources. The changes or differences in the value of two betas may be attributed to different betas. The beta which has been calculated is based upon the closing price of the stock whereas published beta may have taken the adjusted prices of the shares while accommodating any dividends or splits. Thus the overall beta may be different from published sources if there exists a difference in calculations. The differences in the beta can also be attributed to the geared and un-geared beta based on the method of calculation. Un-geared