Neuroticism as a Predictor for Smoking

neurosis as a Predictor for locoweedAbstractTo modern people, melodic line is a common bulwark that they face every day. Neurotic symptoms and smoking, which are the cardinal typical symptoms of stress, might shake a substantial connection (Eysenck, 1965). In this research, we examined whether ones psychoneurosis ordered series has significant relationship with ones smoking behaviour. Furthermore, sex differences in both smoking habits and neurosis scale have been analysed. A ergodic sample of 64 female and male participants (Mage = 22.36 years) living in Selly Oak, Birmingham took part in this research. Statistical analyses from completed questionnaires demonstrated the relationship to be non-significant in psychoneurosis and smoking and grammatical gender differences in both smoking and mental caseism. To future research, neuroticism, a categorization of smokers by related features, might enable attempts at smoking cessation.psychoneurosis as a Predictor of Cigarette Smok ingand Individual differences in Smoking sexual practiceTo modern eyes, it whitethorn seem that their daily life is a fight against stress. Stress from work, school, relationship to social life, has been causing great influence on health of modern people negatively. Symptoms of stress not only involve physical symptoms such as fatigue or insomnia, but also emotional and behavioural symptoms. Nervousness, a neurotic symptom, and smoking are the typical examples. Although stress is the main cause of all the diseases, symptoms themselves, neurotic symptoms and smoking, may have a significant association (Eysenck, 1965). By this time, numerous studies have been published related to this meditation with various results. Some studies examined that thither was no evidence that the neurotic grade was related to the amount smoked (Waters, 1971), however, others stird that smoking behaviours are correlated with state anxiety and neuroticism (Herrn, 2000).In this paper, to replicate Water s (1971) study towards smoking and neuroticism, we collected results which included standard questions on smoking behaviours, and also questions round their personality trait based on Eysenck temper Questionnaire (EPQ) from random female and male samples. Furthermore, gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale have been analysed.MethodSample DescriptionA random sample of 64 female and male participants (age range from 18 to 52, Mage = 22.36 years) living in Selly Oak, Birmingham took part in this research. Completed questionnaire included questions on their legitimate smoking habits, personality traits, and gender age for demographic.AssessmentSmoking HabitsIn smoking habits questionnaire, after the instruction, specifying age and gender was followed by three options in current smoking behaviour. The three options were A) I have smoked a Cigarette within the past week, B) I antecedently smoked cigarette, but not within the past 6 months, and C) I have neve r smoked a Cigarette.Personality Factor NeuroticismEysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) was used in this study to assess the personality traits of the participant, with the result referred to as the Eysencks Personality breed (EPI) (1968).Statistical AnalysesAll analyses were performed using a Pearson Chi-square in order to identify whether there is an association between two categorical variables in each hypothesis.ResultsAs their questionnaire results, participants were divided into three groups in their smoking status, two groups in gender, and three groups in neuroticism.First, participants who chose Never smoked (n =27, 42.2%) option, had not smoked for their entire lifetime, participants who chose Previously smoked (n=15, 23.4%) had not smoked within the past 6 months, and lastly participants who chose Current smoking (n=22, 34.4%) were those who had smoked within the past week. Next, 34 female (Mage = 21 years) and 30 male (Mage = 23 years) participants were in each gende r group. Third, in EPQ, we only coded twelve questions (number 1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 30, 34, 38, 42, 46 in Eysenck (1975)) which refer to neuroticism/stability scale out of total 48 yes/no questions. The neurotic grade (0 to 12) given in this paper is the sum of the affirmative replies to these questions.Three divided groups calculated by neurotic grades were Low (0-4) (n=15, 23.4%), Medium (5-8) (n=27, 42.2%), and High (9-12) (n=22, 34.4%).Table 1. Smoking habits and neuroticism scaleNeuroticism ScalenSmoking Status % of nNeverPreviousCurrentLow (0-4)1537.026.74.5Medium (5-8)2733.353.345.5High (9-12)2229.620.050.0Total6442.223.434.4 = .9188 (df =4), p = .057Neuroticism as a Predictor of Cigarette SmokingResults of cigarette smoking behaviour, with neuroticism as the independent variable and the indicator variable (smoking habits) as dependent variable revealed that neuroticism was not significantly associated with whether the participants are never, previous, or current smoker a s shown in Table 1. To be specific, according to Table 1, 37 % within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, never smoker, of the participants showed Low in neuroticism scale, whereas 53.3 % within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, previous smoker, of the participants showed Medium in neuroticism scale which had a slight difference towards the percentage within smoking (Cigarette) behaviour, current smoker, of the participants showed High(50 %), which if the former had a small percentage than the latter, smoking would have a direct proportional to neuroticism scale. Moreover, the results of the chi-square also showed no significant association between neuroticism scale and current smoking status ( (4) = .9188, p = .057).Individual differences in Smoking GenderAmong the participants, more women were never smokers (15.6% men versus 26.6% women), whereas more men were current smokers (21.9% men versus 12.5% women). Gender differences among the previous smokers were small compared to other two gr oups (9.4% men versus 14.1% women). The differences were insignificant, showing that the association between gender and smoking habits is statistically non-significant ( (2) = 3.816, p = .148)Gender differences in NeuroticismAlthough, more women scored High on neuroticism scale than men (41.2% women versus 26.7% men percentage within Gender), more men scored Low and Medium on neuroticism scale than women (26.7% men versus 20.6% women and 46.7% men versus 38.2% women percentage within Gender). Neuroticism analysis by gender showed the relationship to be insignificant ( (2) = 1.496, p = .473).DiscussionIn the current research, statistical analyses from completed questionnaires demonstrated the relationship to be non-significant in neuroticism and smoking and gender differences in both smoking and neuroticism.The present finding, that there is an insignificant correlation between the neurotic grade and ones smoking behaviour, is in the same line with the conclusions of Water (1971), ho wever, is in strife with the conclusions of Eastwood and Trevelyan (1971). Our results may have been affected by our lack of participants. The present data are based on a random 64 people on a voluntary basis of rather smaller numbers and with a narrow age range. Also, in our smoking questionnaire, there was a gap between the endorse option, previous smoker who had not smoke within the last 6 months, and the third option, current smoker, who had smoke within the past week. Participants who had smoke within the crossbreed of less than 6 months and more than the past week were included as previous smokers. However, the limitation toward non-delicate smoking habit questionnaire is minor because according to other studies, the options in smoking habits were more not sophisticated non-smokers and smokers (Terracciano, 2004). Result of neurotic grade and smoking habits had a minor difference to significant relationship neuroticism scale seemed to vary in direct proportion to the partici pants current smoking status, therefore, various age range and sufficient number of participants are the factors that might have influenced the results to significant connection.To further research, neuroticism, a categorization of smokers by related features, might enable attempts at smoking cessation to be specific for each individual. The use of superpower of neuroticism might be value in assessing the effectiveness of different methods of preventing smoking and seems worth further investigation.To summarize, a standard questionnaires were completed by 64 individuals selected at random, asked about smoking habits and included questions from which a grade for neuroticism was obtained. The result demonstrated that, there is no evidence that the smokers are more neurotic than non-smokers, and there was no statistically significance between gender differences in both smoking habits and neuroticism scale.ReferenceGorman, 1968B. GormanSocial desirability factors and the Eysenck Person ality InventoryJournal of Psychology, 69 (1968), pp. 7583